IT NETWORKING BASIC - II

GROUP MEMBERS ROLL NO.

SAGAR BONKAR 05

RICHITA DIAS

GAURI KUDTARKAR

ROSHAN THAKKAR 56

JUGAL VASA 58

MANALI WHYAMYAR 60
 DIAL UP NETWORKING
Definition:
Dial up networking technology provides PCs and
other network devices access to a LAN or WAN via standard
telephone lines.
Dial up Internet service providers offer subscription
plans for home computer users.
You access DUN through the My
Computer icon – Windows XP
 You access DUN through the
My Computer icon – Windows
Vista
TYPES OF DIAL-UP SERVICES
Ø Types of dial up services include V.34
and V.90 modem as well as
Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN).
Ø Dial up systems utilize special-
purpose network protocols like
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
 LEASED LINE

v A leased line connects two locations

for private voice and/or data
telecommunication service.

v A leased line is not a dedicated cable

v A leased line is actually a reserved

circuit between the two points.

v Leased lines can span short or long

distances.
 Applications of leased lines

• Point-to-point: For Data Only

•
• Point-to-point: For Voice and Data
•
• Multiplexing basically connects multiple remote sites
to a single
•
•
 P o in t- to - p o in t: F o r D a ta O n ly
One of the widely used applications of leased lines is
having a secure dedicated data circuit between two
locations via a private line, used to transmit data at a
constant speed equal to the bandwidth of the circuit.
 Point - to - point : For Voice and Data
This kind of application allows transmission of voice and
data over the same connection. Here also two separate
locations are joined together. This type of configuration is
commonly provided on a higher bandwidth circuit. The
bandwidth of the circuit is divided into individual voice
channels and data channels.
 Multiplexing

• Multiplexing basically connects multiple remote

sites to a single

•
• centralized location.

•
• At the multiplexer, the host circuit is split into
 S p e e d A v a ila b le

• In India, leased lines are available at speeds of 64k , 128k , 256k ,

512k , T1 or E2 .
•
• Customers are connected either through OFC , telephone lines ADSL,
or through Wifi.
•
• Customers would have to manage their own network termination
equipment :Channel Service Unit
 :Data Service Unit.
•
• Recently, ISP service has been provide on open market thereby
letting many players into the Broadband and Leased Line market.
•

•
 Advantage and Disadvantage

 Advantages:


• It provides permanent, reliable, high-speed connectivity as

compared to the temporary connectivity of dial up
access.

•
• The quality of the connection is far superior to what is
normally available through dialup, because of the digital
signaling, less noise, fewer exchanges etc.

•
 Disadvantages:


• Leased bandwidth prices are quite high, compared to dialup

bandwidth of comparable size.
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
(DSL)
•
• DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop
•
• DSL or xDSL is a family of technologies that provides
digital data transmission over the wires of a local
telephone network
•
• DSL can be used at the same time and on the same
telephone line with regular telephone, as it uses
high frequency bands, while regular telephone uses
low frequency.
•
• The download speed of consumer DSL services
typically ranges from 384 kilobits per second (kbps)
to 20 megabits per second (Mbps), depending on
DSL technology, line conditions and service-level
implementation.
•
Physical Connection - DSL
Modem
 Setup and Connection
Procedures
• Physical connection - on the
customer side, the DSL modem is
hooked up to a phone line. The telco
connects the other end of the line to a
Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer (DSLAM) , which
concentrates a large number of
individual DSL connections into a
single box and allows telephone lines
to make faster connection to the
internet.
• The DSLAM location should be within a couple of
miles from the user to prevent attenuation, the
loss of data due to the large amount of
electrical resistance encountered as the data
moves between the DSLAM and the user's DSL
modem.
• Generally, when the DSL modem is powered up, it
goes through a sync procedure. First the
modem does a self-check, then checks for
connection to the computer, and finally
attempts to synchronize with the DSLAM.
 Benefits
• High-speed data service
• Always on connection
• Uses existing copper wires
• Reasonably priced today and getting
cheaper
•
 Applications
• High speed Internet access
• Multimedia, Long distance
• Learning, gaming
• Video on Demand
• VPN
 Asymmetric xDSL


 “Asymmetric” => faster downstream rate vs. upstream

– Suitable for applications such as web-browsing, MP3
downloading, Video on demand (VoD)


Types of asymmetric DSL



• Asymmetric DSL (ADSL):

– The original and most popular
– Other asymmetric DSL technologies derived from
ADSL
• Universal ADSL (UDSL), a.k.a. G.Lite or DSL Lite
• Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL)
• Very High Bit-rate DSL (VDSL)



 Symmetric xDSL
“Symmetric” => downstream & upstream rates are
equal
 – Suitable for office type apps like Video
conferencing


Types of symmetric xDSL



• Symmetric DSL (SDSL)

• High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
• HDSL 2
• Single-pair HDSL (SHDSL)
• ISDN DSL (ISDL)
Very Small Aperture
Terminal (VSAT)
•
• Data rates typically range from 56 Kbit/s up to 4
Mbit/s
•
• VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to
relay data from small remote earth stations
(terminals) to other terminals (in mesh
configurations) or master earth station "hubs"
(in star configuration
•
• A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a
two-way satellite ground station with a dish
antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. Most
VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m.
•
• Uplink by Ku band (12-14 Ghz)
•
• Downlink by C band (4/6 GHz)
ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES


• Availability • Latency
• Diversity • Encryption
• Deployability • Environmental
• Homogeneity concerns
• Acceleration • Installation
• Multicast
• Security
•
 Current Applications

S to ck m a rk e t & o th e r n e w s b ro a d ca stin g
Tra in in g o r co n tin u in g e d u ca tio n fro m a d ista n ce
D istrib u te fin a n cia l tre n d s & a n a ly se s
In tro d u ce n e w p ro d u cts a t g e o g ra p h ica lly d isp e rse d
lo ca tio n s
U p d a te m a rk e t re la te d d a ta , n e w s , a n d ca ta lo g
p rice s
D istrib u te v id e o o r T V p ro g ra m s
D istrib u te m u sic in sto re s & p u b lic a re a s
R e la y a d v e rtisin g to e le ctro n ic sig n s in re ta il sto re s
S to ck m a rk e t & o th e r n e w s b ro a d ca stin g
Tra in in g o r co n tin u in g e d u ca tio n fro m a d ista n ce
D istrib u te fin a n cia l tre n d s & a n a ly se s
In tro d u ce n e w p ro d u cts a t g e o g ra p h ica lly d isp e rse d
lo ca tio n s
U p d a te m a rk e t re la te d d a ta , n e w s , a n d ca ta lo g
p rice s
D istrib u te v id e o o r T V p ro g ra m s
D istrib u te m u sic in sto re s & p u b lic a re a s
 Future applications


• Advances in technology have dramatically improved

the price/performance equation of FSS (Fixed
Service Satellite) over the past five years. New VSAT
systems are coming online using Ka Band
technology that promise higher bandwidth rates for
lower costs.
•
• FSS satellite systems currently in orbit have a huge
capacity with a relatively low price structure. FSS
satellite systems provide various applications for
subscribers, including: telephony, fax, television,
high speed data communication services, Internet
access, Satellite News Gathering (SNG), Digital
Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and others. These
systems are applicable for providing various high-
quality services because they create efficient
communication systems, both for residential and
Satellite Communication
Different Types of Satellites
G e o sy n ch ro n o u s O rb it ( G E O ) : 3 5 , 7 8 6 k m
a b o v e th e e a rth

 Orbiting at the height of 22,282 miles above the equator (35,786

km), the satellite travels in the same direction and at the same
speed as the Earth's rotation on its axis, taking 24 hours to
complete a full trip around the globe. Thus, as long as a satellite
is positioned over the equator in an assigned orbital location, it
will appear to be "stationary" with respect to a specific location
on the Earth.
 A single geostationary satellite can view approximately one third
of the Earth's surface. If three satellites are placed at the proper
longitude, the height of this orbit allows almost all of the Earth's
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 8,000-20,000 km
above the earth

 These orbits are primarily reserved for

communications satellites that cover the North
and South Pole
 Unlike the circular orbit of the geostationary
satellites, MEO's are placed in an elliptical (oval-
shaped) orbit
 Also called polar Satellite.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 500-2,000 km
above the earth

 These orbits are much closer to the Earth,

requiring satellites to travel at a very high speed
in order to avoid being pulled out of orbit by
Earth's gravity
 At LEO, a satellite can circle the Earth in
approximately one and a half hours

International Space Station
ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES


• High-capacity, • Cost
long-range • Delay
• Coverage • Security
• High availability • System complexity
• Good quality and ownership
•
 Medium of Data
communication
• Cable type
– Cable is what physically connects
network devices together,
– serving as the conduit for information
traveling from one computing
device to another.
– The type of cable you choose for your
network will be dictated in part by
the network's topology, size and
media access method.
– Small networks may employ only a
single cable type, whereas large
networks tend to use a combination.

 Cable Type
• Coaxial Cable
– Coaxial cable includes a copper wire
surrounded by insulation, a
secondary conductor that acts as a
ground, and a plastic outside
covering.
– Because of coaxial cable's two layers
of shielding, it is relatively immune
to electronic noise, such as motors,
and can thus transmit data packets
long distances.
– Coaxial cable is a good choice for
running the lengths of buildings (in
a bus topology) as a network
 Cable Type - Coaxial
• LANs primarily use two
sizes of coaxial
cable, referred to as
thick and thin.
• Thick coaxial cable can
extend longer
distances than thin
and was a popular
backbone (bus)
cable in the 1970s
and 1980s.
• However, thick is more
expensive than thin
and difficult to
install.
• Today, thin (which looks
similar to a cable
television
 Cable Type – Twisted Pair
• Twisted-pair cable consists of two
insulated wires that are twisted
around each other and covered
with a plastic casing.
• It is available in two varieties,
unshielded and shielded.
• UTP cabling wire is grouped into
categories, numbered 1-5.
• The higher the category rating, the
more tightly the wires are
twisted, allowing faster data
transmission without crosstalk.
•
Cable Type – Twisted Pair …
2
• Since many buildings are pre-wired
with extra UTP cables, and because
UTP is inexpensive and easy to
install, it has become a very
popular network media over the
last few years..
•
•
 Cable Type – Twisted Pair …
3
 Shielded twisted-pair cable (STP)
adds a layer of shielding to UTP.
Although STP is less affected by
noise interference than UTP and can
transmit data further, it is more
expensive and more difficult to install
•
•
 What Is Fiber Optics ?

• Transmitting
communications
signals over hair
thin strands of
glass or plastic
• Not a "new"
technology
• Concept a century
old
• Used commercially
for last 25 years
Fiber Optic Communications
• Applications include
– Telephones
– Internet
– LANs - local area networks
– CATV - for video, voice and Internet
connections
– Utilities - management of power grid
– Security - closed-circuit TV and intrusion
sensors
– Military - everywhere!
 Fiber Optic Applications
• Fiber is already used in:
– Most LAN (computer network)
backbones
– Many video surveillance links
• Fiber is the least expensive, most reliable
method for high speed and/or long
distance communications
• While we already transmit signals at
Gigabits per second speeds, we have
only started to utilize the potential
bandwidth of fiber
 Why Use Fiber Optics?
• Economics
• Speed
• Distance
• Weight/size
• Freedom from interference
• Electrical isolation
• Security
•
Fiber Technology
Fiber Optic Data Links
Fiber Optic Manufacturing
Fiber Optic Installation - Outside
Plant
THANK YOU!!!