19th Century English

Literature

Romanticism
#1

Historical
Background

Historical
Contexts
1780-1830
1776 the American Revolution
1789 the French revolutions
Wars of national independence

in Poland, Spain, Greece, and

elsewhere
changed from an agricultural
society to an industrial one

The French
Revolution

Class Conflict
Three Estates (the Old Regime)
First: clergy (1%)
largest landowner, tax
exemption
Second: nobility (2%)
best positions in government
and army, tax exemption
Third: everyone else (97%)
heavy taxation, feudal dues

http://jspivey.wi
kispaces.com/P
urpose+of+the
+Three+Estates
+JHK

Eugne
Delacroi
x,
Liberty
Leading
the
People,
1830

http://www.griseldaonline.it/percorsi/5allegro_foto1
0.htm

Two Stages
The Moderate Stage:
1789-1791
The Radical Stage:
1792-1794

The Moderate Stage

May/June, 1789

Louis XVI
summoned the Estates General.
June/July, 1789
Third Estate
declared itself the National Assembly.
June, 1789
Oath of the Tennis
Court, the inaugural moment of the
French Revolution
July 14, 1789 the fall of the Bastille,
symbol of the kings tyranny

http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/kstokes/Europe/european__history_and
_culture.htm

The Radical Stage

1792-94
The Second French Revolution
1792 The monarchy was

abolished and a republic

established. Louis XVI was
placed on trial and executed
in 1793.

The Radical Stage

1792-94
The Reign of Terror: 1793 The

Jacobins rose to power. Maximilin

Robespierre (1758-1794), the
fanatic leader of the Jacobins,
considered terror necessary. He
urged harsh treatment for enemies
of the republic. As many as 40,000
people died during the Terror.

The Guillotine
http://i122.photobucket.com/albums/o270/Zappanos
e/guillotine.jpg

Execution of Louis XVI,

http://burell9history.wikispaces.com/Robespierre's+Journal
++Jan+21+1793

Execution of Robespierre,
http://static.desktopnexus.com/thumbnails/193987-

After the Revolution

1795-1799: The

Directory
1799-1815:
Napoleon

The Directory
A board of 5 men
Napoleon Bonarparte

seized control of the

new republican
government in 1799.

Napoleon Bonaparte
1799-1804: Consolidating

Authority
1799
1801
1802
1804

emperor

First Consul
Concordat with the pope
Consul for life
Crowned himself

Jacques-Louis
David,
Napoleon
Crossing the
Great Saint
Bernard Pass,
1800
http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.u
s/kstokes/Europe/europe
an__history_and_culture.
htm

Jacques-Louis David. Consecration of the Emperor

Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress
Josephine on 2 December 1804. 1808.
http://web.lincoln.k12.mi.us/buildings/ms/adams/Napoleo
n_coronation.jpg

Ingres,
Napoleon
on his
Imperial
Throne
1806
http://www.internetston
es.com/imagefiles/coronation-ofnapoleon-bonaparteemperor-of-france.jpg

Napoleon Bonaparte
1806-1815: Napoleons

downfall

1806

System
1808
1812
1814
1815

The Continental
Invaded Spain
Invaded Russia
Abdication
Exile

http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-

http://teach
erweb.ftl.pi
necrest.edu
/snyderd/M
WH/Projects
/cov/images
/napoleon
%20empire.

Jean-Lon Grme, Napoleon and His General

Staff in Egypt, 1867

http://www.oceansbridge.com/paintings/museums/hermitage/Gerome
%20Jean-Leon-xx-Napoleon%20in%20Egypt-xx-1863.jpg

http://www.fromoldbooks.org/HorneGreatMenFamousWomen/241-Napoleon-and-the-Sphinx-q75500x299.jpg

Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting

the Plague-stricken at Jaffa, 1799
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/19th/painting/
jaffa1.jpg

Antoine-Jean Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the

Plague-stricken at Jaffa, 1804
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/19th/painting/jaffa2.jpg

Francisco Goya. The Third of

May, 1808.

http://www4.gvsu.edu/pozzig/european_civ2/ima
ges/goya.jpg

http://www.memo.fr/article.asp?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1712-1778
Man is born free, but

everywhere he is in chains.
Take the course opposite to
custom and you will almost
always do well.
I may not be better than other

people, but at least I'm different.

"The world of reality has its

limits; the world of imagination is

boundless."

Sturm und Drang

1760s-1780s
Originally its the title of a 1776 play

about the American Revolution.

Translations: storm and stress,
storm and urge, passion and energy,
energy and rebellion,
Anti-enlightenment:
Storm the sublime
Stress/urgeemotions

http://books.gigaimg.co
m/avaxhome/avaxhom
e/2008-0520/sdwe32.jpg

http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/
Images/db/wiss/goethe/schnellkurs_goeth
e/k_3/werthers_tod.jpg

English
Romanticism

Two Generations
First

generation
Blake
Wordswort

h
Coleridge

Second

generation
Shelley
Keats
Byron

Two Generations
(1) Age: The second

generation all died relatively

young.
oShelleya month before his
30th birthday

oByron36
oKeats26

Two Generations
(2) Social backgrounds:
First generation:
oBlakeworking class
oWordsworth and Coleridgemiddle
class
Second generation:
oKeatslower middle class
oByron inherited a title and estate at
10.
oShelley was heir to a baronetcy .

Two Generations
(3) Historical experience:
First: wartime literature
There were revolutions across Europe

in the 1790s.
Fear of revolution and the conditions
of war led to suppression of public
meetings and censorship.
Wordsworth and Coleridge turned
away from their initial sympathy with
the French revolution to opposition to
it.

Two Generations
(3) Historical experience:
Second: post-war alliances
After the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo

in 1815, nationalist movements sprang up

across Europe.
Shelley, Keats and Byron all accused
Coleridge and Wordsworth of apostasy
, that is, of having changed sides.
Byron and Shelley both had links with such
radical groups. Both chose to live in exile.

Main Features

Neo-classicism vs. Romanticism

Neoclassicism
Reason /clarity / order

/restraint
Moral / virtue / truth
Simple / austere /
monumental
Balanced /symmetric /
geometric

Chiswick House, west London, Richard

Boyle, 1729 http://www.london-architecture.info/LO-004.htm

http://www.essentialarchitecture.com/STYLE/Quarenghi_smolny.jpg

The White House, 1790s,

http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/USA-Washington/DC001.htm

Thomas Jefferson, University of Virginia,

1819-26

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/Jeffersn.html

Neoclassical Gardens
The overriding

impression of such
gardens is of man's
tyranny over nature.

http://static1.unlike.net/system/photos/0022/4524/0.j
pg?1230482155

The Capability Brown gardens at Harewood

House, Leeds.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/enjoy-england/readers-

Romanticism
"Romantic" relates to the

French word, "Roman,"

meaning novel (as in a book).
Art and Architecture tells a
story in a captivating way,
grabbing and holding your
attention.

http://www.bitdegree.ca/intranet/courses/IMD1000/CourseNotes

03-7.html

Tintern
Abbey

http://morethangrammar.com/graphics/tinternabbey.jp
g

http://www.wordsworth.org.
uk/common/images/poetry/
tintern_abbey.jpg

http://www.uweb.
ucsb.edu/~lalemi
/tintern
%20abbey.jpg

Caspar David
Friedrich,
Wanderer above
the Mists, c.
1818.
http://employees.oneonta.ed
u/farberas/arth/arth110/arth
110_sl20.html

Caspar David Friedrich, Monastery Graveyard

in the Snow, 1817/19
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/resourcesd/fri_clcem

Romanticism
Nature
Emotion:

sentimentality // nostalgia //
melancholy
Imagination: exotic //
ecstatic // fantastic // gothic

Romanticism in China
Embraced by Chinese

intellectuals.
Arguably led to the
modernization movement

Writers

2010 P. 8

The End