Last Class We cover.

PIR sensor
Power Supply Circuit
Semiconductor Memories
Address bus
Data bus
RAM
ROM
VONN NEUMANN architecture
HARVARD architecture
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Today we cover .
Basics of Programming Language
Compiler
Interpreter
Assembler
Stages of compilation
Data Types
Modifiers
Big-endian & Little-endian
ASCII table
Variables
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Software
Software:It is a collection of programs.

Program:780 Program is a set of instructions which is designed for a

particular
task.
5
Types of software:1. System software
2. Application Software
System software:Which s/w designed for general purpose & which does
not contain any restriction in it is called system s/w.
e.g:- OS, Complier

Application Software:-

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Which s/w designed for a specific task only is called

application s/w.
E.g. :-M.S
office,
tally, Oracle
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2014
Emtronik
technology.| N2/4, IRC VILLAGE, Bhubaneswar,

Compiler
What is translator ???
It is a system s/w which is used to convert the programming
language
code to binary format.
780

5 Types of translator:1. Compiler

2. Interpreter
3. Assembler

Complier:
Aprogramthattranslatesanotherprogramwritteninahighlevellanguageintomachinelanguagein a single step, sothatit
canbeexecuted.

For example high level language just as C, java, C# translate to

machine language which is a form of binary means 1s and 0s.
Because we known our computer can understand 1s and 0s.
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e.g:- Turbo C, Dev C, borland
JVM
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.

Compiler Cont
When a user writes a code in a high level language such
as Java and wants it to execute, a specific compiler which is
designed for Java is used before it will be executed.
780
5
The compiler scans the entire program first and then
translates it into machine code which will be executed by
the computer processor and the corresponding tasks will be
performed.

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.

Interpreter

What is interpreter ???

Aprogramthattranslatesanotherprogramwritteninahigh
levellanguageinto machinelanguage/ binary format in step by
step.
780

5 Each time when an interpreter gets a high level language code

to be executed, it converts the code into an intermediate code
before converting it into the machine code.
Each part of the code is interpreted and then execute separately
in a sequence and an error is found in a part of the code it will
stop the interpretation of the code without translating the next set
of the codes.

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.


Differences between compiler and interpreter
are listed bellow

The interpreter takes one statement then translates

it and executes it and then takes another statement.
780
While the compiler translates the entire program in
5
one go and then executes it.
Compiler generates the error report after the
translation of the entire page while an interpreter will
stop the translation after it gets the first error.
Besides the processing and analyzing time the
overall execution time of a code is faster for compiler
relative to the interpreter.

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Assembler
It is system software which is used to convert assemble
language instruction into binary format.
780
5
What is self/resident complier ?

If a complier which runs on a computer and produces

the machine codes for the same computer then it is
called self compiler or resident complier.
If a complier that runs on a computer and produces
the machine codes for other computer then it is called
Cross Complier.

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Stages of compilation

780
5

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Data Types
Basic types of data types are: char
int
float
double
char - data type
chardefines characters.
e.g :{
char Letter;
Letter = 'x';
}
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Data Types cont

int - data type
intis used to define integer numbers.
e.g.:{
int Count;
Count = 5;
}
float - data type
floatis used to define floating point numbers.
{
float Miles;
Miles = 5.6;
}
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Data Types cont

double - data type
doubleis used to define BIG floating point numbers.
It reserves twice the storage for the number. On PCs
this is likely to be 8 bytes.
e.g:{
double Atoms;
Atoms = 2.5000006;
}

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Modifiers
The data types explained previously have the following
modifiers.
short
long
signed
Unsigned
The modifiers define the amount of storage allocated to the
variable. The amount of storage allocated is not cast in
stone.
ANSI has the following rules:
short int <= int <= long int
float <= double <= long double
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Data Types Range

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endian

Big-endian and Little-

Big-endian system address are always in ABCD and

data is stored in ABCD order.

Little-endian system address are always in ABCD and

data is stored in DCBA order.

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Variable :
Variable :
A variable is a named object that resides in the RAM
and is capable of being examined and modified.
Properties of a variable:
Scope of the variable (local and global)
Life of the variable (initialization and free)
Default initial value of a variable
Storage of a variable (Memory / register)
Lvalue and Rvalue of the variable
Qualifier of the variable (const and volatile)
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Types of variable
(a)Variables which can store only one data at time.
Example: integer variables, char variables, pointer
variables etc.

(b)Variables which can store more than one data of

similar type at a time. Example: array variables

(c) Variables, which can store more than one value of

dissimilar type at a time. Example: structure or
union variables.

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variables

Rules for naming

Variable name must be within 32 char in

16bit compiler such as turbo C and 4096
characters in 32 bit compiler like GCC.
Int abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz123456=200;

The First char must be an alphabet or an

underscore and the rest can be
alphabets ,digits and underscore.
No space or special character allowed.
No keyword can be a variable name.

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Lvalue
LValue: Lvalue standsforleft value. In any assignment statement LValue
must be a container i.e. which have ability to hold the data. In c has only
one type only container and which is variable. Hence LValue must be any
variable in c it cannot be a constant, function or any other data type of c.
//10=5;
LValue cannot be a integer constant
//max=20; //Lvalue cannot be a micro constant
//b=11; Lvalue cannot be a constant variable
//float=3.3f; Lvalue cannot be a data type
//abc={sachin,5}; Lvalue cannot be a data type
//BLUE =2; Lvalue cannot be a enum constant
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Rvalue
RValue: In any assignment statement RValue must
be anything which can return and constant value or it
is itself a constant. RValue can be any c constants,
variables, function which is returning a value etc.
//RValue
//RValue
//RValue
//RValue
//RValue

can
can
can
can
can

be
be
be
be
be

a
a
a
a
a

constant.
constant variable
variable.
enum constant.
function.

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THANK YOU !!!

Emtronik Technology
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