Organic light-emitting

diodes(OLED)

PRESENTED BY
MANVITH

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
WORKING PRINCIPLE
TYPES OF OLED
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
REFERENCE

 OLED-Organic Light Emitting Diode

Organic-Organic materials
INTRODUCTION
Definition-

Emissive electroluminescentlayer is a
film oforganic compounds which emits
light in response to an electric current
Electroluminescent layer organic
semiconductor material is sandwiched
between two electrodes
One of these electrodes is transparent

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Aluminum 8-hydroxyquinolinate Alq3

 Polyaniline

 Polyfluorene

HISTORY
First developed in the early 1950s in

France by applying a high-voltage

alternating current field to crystalline
thin films of acridine orange and
quinacrine
1960s AC driven electroluminescent
cells using doped anthracene was
developed
The first diode device was invented at
Eastman Kodak in the 1980s by Dr.
Ching Tang and Steven Van Slyke

 1990 electroluminescence in polymers

was discovered
2000 - Alan J.Heeger & Hideki Shrikawa
received Nobel Prize in chemistry for
The discovery and development of
conductive organic polymer
2008 announced the creation of
consortium including Sony, Toshiba to
produce OLED screen

How OLED works?

Cathode
Emissive Layer
Conductive Layer
Anode
Substrate

ArchitectureofOLEDs
Organiclayers:
o

o
o

Conducting layer - This

layer is made of organic
plastic molecules that
transport "holes" from the
anode.
Eg: polyaniline. Polystyrene.
Emissive layer - This layer
is made of organic
molecules that transport
electrons from the cathode;
this is where light is made.
Eg: polyfluorene, Alq3

Cathode (may or may not be transparent

depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode
injects electrons when a current flows through the
device

Eg: Mg, Al, Ba, and Ca

Substrate - The substrate supports the OLED
Eg: clear plastic, glass, foil
Anode (transparent) - The anode removes
electrons (adds
electron holes) when a current flows through the
device
Eg: Indium Tin Oxide

1.

2.

Voltage applied
across Cathode and
Anode
1.

Typically 2V-10V

1.

Electrons flow to
emissive layer
Electrons removed from
conductive layer leaving
holes
Holes jump into
emissive layer

Current flows from

cathode to anode

2.

3.

3.

Electron and hole

combine and light
emitted

TYPES OF OLEDs

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Passive-matrix OLED
Active-matrix OLED
Transparent OLED
Top-emitting OLED
Flexible/Foldable OLED
White OLED
Phosphorescent OLED

1. Passive-Matrix OLED
(PMOLED)

Perpendicular
cathode/anode strip
orientation

Light emitted at
intersection (pixels)

Large power
consumption

Used on 1-3 inch

screens

2. Active-Matrix OLED (AMOLED)

Full layers of

cathode, anode,
organic molecules
Thin Film Transistor
matrix (TFT) on top
of anode
Less power
consumed then
PMOLED
Used for larger
displays

DIFFERENCE

PassiveOLEDs
Theorganiclayerisbetween
stripsofcathodeandanodethat
runperpendicular
Theintersectionsformthepixels
Easytomake
Usemorepower
Bestforsmallscreens

ActiveOLEDs
Fulllayersofcathodeand
anode
Requireslesspower
Higherrefreshrates
Suitableforlargescreens

3. Transparent OLED
TOLED
Transparent
substrate, cathode
and anode
Bi-direction light
emission
Passive or Active
Matrix OLED
Useful for heads-up
display
Transparent projector

screen
glasses

4. Top-emitting OLED (TEOLED)

Non-transparent
Transparent Cathode
Used with Active

Matrix Device
Smart card displays

5. Foldable OLED

Flexiable

metallic foil or
plastic substrate
Light weight
and ultra thin
Reduce display
breaking

6. White OLED
Emits bright white light
Replace fluorescent

lights
Reduce energy cost for
lighting
True Color Qualities
Environmental friendly

7. Phosphorescent OLED
Use the principle of electroluminescence to convert

100% of electrical energy into light

Good energy efficiencies
Reduce heat generation
Operate at very low voltage
Long operating life time
Environmental friendly

APPLICATIONS

Display sources
Mobile phones
Keyboards
Digital watches
Light sources

OptimusMaximusKeyboard
Each key can be programmed
to perform a series of functions
Keys can be linked to
applications
Display notes, numerals,
special symbols, etc...

OLEDTelevisions

ReleasedXEL1inFebruary2009.
FirstOLEDTVsoldinstores.

Sony

11''screen,3mmthin

Rs.2,50,000
Weighsapproximately1.9kg
Wide178degreeviewingangle
1,000,000:1Contrastratio

ADVANTAGES OF OLEDs

LED Displays Vs. LCD and Plasma

Much faster response time
Consume significantly less energy
Wider viewing angles
Thinner display
Better contrast ratio
Safer for the environment
Has potential to be mass produced

inexpensively
OLEDs refresh almost 1,000 times faster
then LCDs

OLED Lighting Vs. Incandescent and

Fluorescent

Cheaper way to create flexible lighting

Requires less power
Better quality of light
New design concepts for interior lighting

ADVANTAGES
Brightness
Contrast
Viewing angles
Power consumption
Light weight
Better power efficiency
Response time

OLED Displays Vs. LCD and Plasma

DISADVANTAGESOFOLEDs

Cost to manufacture is high

Constraints with lifespan
Easily damaged by water
Limited market availability

OLED Lighting Vs. Incandescent and Fluorescent

Not as easy as changing a light bulb

OLED DISADVANTAGES
Lifetime
White, Red, Green 46,000-

230,000 hours
About 5-25 years
Blue 14,000 hours
About 1.6 years
Expensive
Susceptible to water

FutureUsesforOLED
Lighting
Flexible/bendablelighting
Wallpaperlightingdefiningnewwaystolightaspace
Transparentlightingdoublesasawindow

CellPhones
Nokia888

Reference

Advanced microsystem for automotive applications by

Sven Kruger, Wolfgang Gessner, Springer- Verlag
Heidelberg, New York 2001 page no62.
Organic molecule solids by M. Schwoerer, Hans
Christoph, Wolf, Wiley vch verlag publishers ,New
York,2007,page 389
Physics of organic semiconductors by Wolf Gang
Brutling ,VBH publishers, New York,1999, page no 451
Highly efficient OLED,S with phosphorescent Materials
by Hartmut Versin, Wiley Publishers New York 2000,
page no 121
Organic electronic materials by Riccardo
Farchichi,G.Grosso,2000, page no 135
Active matric OLED displayers by Michael
Kroger,Cuviller Verlay publishers ,2007, page no 4
Organic light emitting divices by Joseph ShinarSpringer- Verlag, New York, 2004, page no 150

Organic light emitting material and devices

by Zhigang Li, Hong Meng CRC publishers,
New York, 2005, page no 34
Semiconductor devices by Kanaan
Kano,Prentice Hall of india PVT,New
delhi,2005,Page no 429
Printing unit and Organic light emitting
diodes by Jan Kalinowski,
Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials
by A. J. Heeger, in W. R. Salaneck, I.
Lundstrom, B. Ranby, oxford university press,
1993.page no.234
manufacturing line for manufacturing
flexible organic El display by kenichi kuba
etal, Pub no. US2005/0016405

http://www.cepro.com/article/study_future_
bright_for_oled_lighting_market/
http://www.oledresearch.com/oleds/oledshistory.html

www.oled-info.com
http://optics.org/cws/article/industry/37032
http://jalopnik.com/5154953/samsung-transparentoled-display-pitched-as-automotive-hud

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