THE CELL

By Dr.Hikmat Fatima Hashmi

OBJECTIVES

What is the cell.

Types of cells.
Deep detail about cell.
Cell and its organelle.
Structure and function of cell organelles.
Diagrams showing detail structures of
organelle
Self assessment at the end of class

CELL
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit
of life.
Unicellular organisms are capable of:
Independent existence
Performing essential functions of life
Discovered by Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

CELL THEORY

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

proposed that all living things are made up of
cells but didnt say where cells came from.
Rudolf Virchow modified this theory:

All living organisms are composed of cells

and products of cells.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

VISUALISING CELLS

Cells are small because a high surface areato-volume ratio is essential.

To see them, we use microscopes having
good magnification & resolution.

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Single-celled organisms that lack a

membrane-bound nucleus, and any
membrane-bound organelles.
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.
They dont have a well organized
nucleus. DNA is in nucleoid.
They have a plasma membrane and
cytosol.
They can live on a diversity of energy
sources and some can tolerate extreme
conditions.
Mesosome is an infolding of cell
membrane to increase surface area.

EUKARYOTIC CELL
Is characterized by
Presence of membrane bound organelles.
Organised nucleus with nuclear envelopes
Plant cells have cell walls.
Animal cells have centrioles.
Compartmentalization is the key to eukaryotic
cell function.
Each organelle or compartment has a specific
role defined by chemical processes.

CELL

Now lets go deep

inside a cell.

WE WILL STUDY NEXT

Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
vacuoles
Mitochondria
Plastides

Centerioles
Centrosomes
Nucleus
Types of choromosomes

PLASMA MEMBRANETHE OUTER SURFACE OF EVERY CELL

STRUCTURE:
Composed of lipids arranged in a
phospholipid bilayer. There are also
proteins and carbohydrates.
Lipids have polar head towards outerside and
hydrophobic tails towards inside, so that tails
are protected from aqueous envt.
2 types of proteins: Peripheral and Integral.
Fluid mosaic model: Quasi-fluid nature of
lipid enables lateral movement of proteins.
(there is constant motion)

PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS:
Cell growth
Cell division
Transport of materials
Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable
Types of Transport:
Passive Transport: Without energy requirement
Osmosis: Movt. Of water molecules
Active transport: With energy requirement
Against concentration gradient
Eg: K+, Na+ pump

PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS:
Is a selectively permeable barrier.
Allows cells to maintain a constant internal
environment.
Is important in communication and receiving
signals.
Often has proteins for binding and adhering
to adjacent cells.

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Consists of the following organelles:

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

The endomembrane system includes

the plasma membrane, nuclear
envelope (outer membrane),
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, and lysosomes.

The endomembrane system and cell

nucleus may have originated from the
inward folds of plasma membrane of
prokaryotes.

RIBOSOMES

Ribosomessites of protein synthesis.

Occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells.
Consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and more
than 50 different protein molecules.
Ribosomes are not organelles.
In eukaryotes, ribosomes are free in the
cytoplasm, attached to the ER, or inside
mitochondria and chloroplasts.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Network of interconnected membranes in the
cytoplasm.
2 types of ER:
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):

Ribosomes

attached to surface
Actively involved in protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):

No

Ribosomes attached to surface

Actively involved in lipid synthesis and steroidal
hormones.

GOLGI APPARATUS
Composed of Flat, disc shaped sacs called
cisternae and membrane enclosed vesicles.
Cisternae are stacked parallel to each other
2 faces: CIS and TRANS face.
Functions:
Packaging and delivery of material
Materials are packaged from ER into vesicles
fuse with the CIS face and move towards TRANS
face.
Forms glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Primary lysosomes originate from the Golgi.

LYSOSOMES

Formed in Golgi apparatus

Vescicular Structures
Suicide bags of the cell
They contain enzymes that digest the cell
and cause the cell to die.

VACUOLES

Space inside cytoplasm covered by

membrane called tonoplast
Storage house of cell
Contains water, cell sap, excretory products,
etc
{rpvides structure for plant cells.
Amoeba: Contractile vacuole (excretion)
Protists: Food vacuole (engulfing food)

MITOCHONDRIA
Power house of the cell
Structure:
Sausage-shaped and cylindrical
Double membrane: Inner and outer
In the space of inner membrane
(inner compartment) is called
matrix.
Inner membrane has infoldings called
cristae (increases surface area)
Outer compartment is the limiting
boundary.

MITOCHONDRIA
Power house of the cell
Function:
Site for aerobic/cellular respiration.
Produce cells energy in the form of ATP
They have their own DNA and ribosomes

PLASTIDS

Occur only in plants and some protists.

Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis light
energy is converted to the energy of
chemical bonds.

CENTROSOME & CENTRIOLES

Centrosome contains 2 cylindrical structures

called centrioles.
Organized like a cartwheel
9 peripheral triplet protein fibrils
Central protein hub
Hub connected to peripheral proteins by
radial spokes.
Centrioles form spindle fibres during cell
division.

NUCLEUS

Contains the DNA

Site of DNA replication
Site where gene transcription is turned on or
off
Assembly of ribosomes begins in a region
called the nucleolus

NUCLEUS (NOT DIVIDING)

Inside it is:
very coiled fibres called chromatin (DNA)
Space inside nucleus is nuclear matrix
(nucleoplasm)
Spherical bodies called nucleoli (for RNA synthesis)

NUCLEUS (NOT DIVIDING)

Covered by nuclear envelope which has

two membranes:
Inner

membrane
Outer membrane (with ribosomes)
Space between them is perinuclear space
Nuclear pores are pores on the membrane
controlling movement of substances.

Nuclear lamina proteins attaches to

both the chromatin and the nuclear
envelope and maintains nuclear shape.

NUCLEUS (DIVIDING)

Chromatin Chromosomes
Every chromosome has a constriction called
centromere
At the sides of centromere are kinetocores

METACENTRIC CHROMOSOME

Centromere in middle
2 equal arms

SUB-METACENTRIC

Centromere slightly away from middle

One shorter and one longer arm

ACROCENTRIC

Centromere close to the end of chromosome

One very long and one very short arm

TELOCENTRIC

Terminal centromere

CYTOSKELETON
Supports and maintains cell shape
Holds organelles in position
Moves organelles
The cytoskeleton has three
components:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules


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MY QUESTION TIME NOW.

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