PANCREAS

AHMAD AMINUDDIN

CELL TYPES IN THE

PANCREATIC ISLETS

ALPPHA or A CELLS :
- 17 % of pancreatic islet cells.
- secrete GLUCAGON.
BETA or B CELLS :
- 70 % of pancreatic islet cells.
- secrete INSULIN.
DELTA or D CELLS :
- 7 % of pancreatic islet cells.
F CELLS :
- 6 % of pancreatic islet cells.
- secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE.

INTERACTIONS OF PANCREATIC
HORMONES

Glucagon raises blood glucose level

Insulin lowers blood glucose level.
Somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner to
inhibit both insulin and glucagon release from
neighboring beta and alfa cell It may also act
as a circulating hormone toslow absorption of
nutriens from the gastrointestinal tract.
Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits somatostatin
secretion , gallbladder contraction, and
secretion of digestive enzymes by the
pancreas

INSULIN SECRETION IS ALSO

STIMULATED BY

ACETYLCHOLIN
- from CN X that inervate the pancreatic
islets.
ARGININ AND LEUCINE
- which woud be present in the blood at
higher levels after a protein-containing
meal.
GLUCOSE-DEPENDENT INSULINOTROPIC
PEPTIDE
- a hormone realised by enteroendocrine cells of
the small intestine in response to the presence
of
glucose in the gastrointestinal tract.

GLUCAGON SECRETION IS
STIMULATED BY
INCREASED

ACTIVITY OF THE
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF THE ANS,
AS OCCUR DURING EXERCISE.
A RISE IN BLOOD AMINO ACIDS IF
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IS LOW,
WHICH COULD OCCUR AFTER A MEAL
THAT CONTAINED MAINLY PROTEIN.

GLUCAGON
CONTROL

OF SECRETION
- Decreased blood level of glucose.
- Exercise and mainly protein meal
stimulate secretion.
- Somatostatin and insulin inhibit
secretion
PRINCIPAL ACTIONS

GLUCAGON
PRINCIPAL

ACTIONS
- Raises blood glucose level by accelerating break down of glycogen into glucose
in liver.
- Converting other nutriens into glucose in
liver ( gluconeogenesis ).
- Releasing glucose into the blood.

INSULIN
CONTROL

OF SECRETION
- Increased blood level of glucose.
- Acetylcholine ( released by parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers ).
- Arginine and leucine ( two aminoacids ).
- Glucagon, GIP, Hgh and ACTH stimulate
secretion.
- Somatostatin inhibits secretion.

INSULIN

PRINCIPAL ACTIONS
- lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells.
- Converting glucose into glycogen ( glyco
genesis ).
- Decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis ).
- Increases lipogenesis and stimulates
protein synthesis.

SOMATOSTATIN
CONTOL

OF SECRETION
- Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits
secretion.
PRINCIPAL ACTIONS
- Inhibits secretion of insulin and
glucagon
and slows absorption of nutrients from
the gastrointestinal tract.

PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE

CONTROL OF SECRETION
- Meals containing protein, fasting,
exercise and acut hypoglycemia
stimulate secretion.
- Somatostatin and elevated blood glucose
level inhibit secretion.
PRINCIPAL ACTIONS
- Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder
secretion and secrertion of pancreatic
digestive
enzymes.