Introduction to Humanities

IHS201

Man is a measure of everything

Man creates reality with inner lif

Navjyoti Singh

navjyoti@iiit.ac.in
IIIT Center for Exact Humanities
IHS201 Lecture 04-05 10-17/01/2015

Re

RE
fe CA
ct P
iv
ity

Can there be a Unified Theory of Humanities?

Theory of Man, Human Action and Human Purpose

Tool
Re-Creations
Writing

Movements of Ideas
Grand Shifts of Ideas
Differential Streams of Ideas

Civilizations are its product

Problem of the Oral Inscription of Long Text of Veda

Birth of Reason
Civilizational Flavor of Reason

Enlightened Modernity & its Problems!

Birth of New Science and New Humanities
Modern Polity, Knowledge, Culture, Economy

Lecture 04-05

Civilizational Flavors of Reason

In Linguistics, Mathematics and Logic

Birth of Reason
Indic Project of Oral Inscription: 1500BC onwards

t are the central Ideas of this Successful Proj

Decomposing and Recomposing of Sounds

Stitching of Sounds into Recitation

oss-checking phonemic slippage in Recited te

Analysis of Phonemic Punctuations

Algorismic Spirit Born here! How?
If Mathematics was a Queen of Sciences in the Greco-European Traditions,
Linguistics was a Queen of Science in the Indic Traditions

Oral Inscriptions
Poetic

Prose

\Gved

yjuveRd

21

101

pEl

vEzMpayn

zu

Musical

Mixed

samved AwvRved
jEimin

sumNtu

1000

k:[

INSCRIPTIONS AVAILABLE TODAY: (UNESCO status of World Heritage)

ka{v tEitrIy kaEwum

zEizrIy
maXy<idn
mEay[I jEimnIy
lost
kQ
kiplkQ
partial
zakl

zaEnk
pEplad
partial

THEORY

\g! aitzaOya

tEitrIy aitzaOya

\kt

cturaXyaiy

vajsneyI aitzaOya

Each Oral Inscription is a Finite String of Discrete Sounds

Nature of Temporal Necessities in Speech

Major Concepts to understand Temporal Spread of Sound

v[R, A]r, maa, pd, Svr, siNx, DNd

Theory of the Generation of Speech:

a[, ai[

Partition

Svr, Vyn
Vowels | Consonants (Ornamentation)
Independent Pronunciation | Dependent Pronunciation
Can be Pronounced for long | Cannot be Pronounced for long
Cause of Temporal Spread into Syllables | Not cause of Syllabic Spread
Base for Expression of Meaning| Expresser of Meaning

v[R :

Atoms of Speech (Theory of sound production)

Svr

mana]r s<Xy]r
A Aa

Vyn
Sp;R
ANt>Swa ^:mn
1 2 4 3 5
k c t q p
y
h

Aae

o D Q w )

# $

@e

g j f d b

%^

AaE

" H F x

$3

' | [ n m

articulator:
(kr[ Swan)

z
;
s
A>

ALpa[
mhaa[

Out Breath

as
Larynx:
Naax
(open, narrow, mixed)
as+na ( ivv&t s<v&t mXym
x
Mouth:
(contact, slight-contact, non-contact)
(Sp&
>Sp&
ASp&)

Atoms of sound uniquely specified according to pronunciation effort

"ae;
Sonant

Sp;R
Contact

Vyn
Consonants

A"ae;
Asonant

%rSy k{QSy ijVhamUlIy talVy mUxRNy dNtmUlIy vSvyR Aaek n

Labial Nasal
Chest Throatal Guttural Palatal Cerebral Dental
ALpa[
mhaa[
Aspirate
ALpa[
mhaa[
Aspirate
Anunaisk

(")

k
o
g
"
'

smana]r
Homo
s<Xy]r
Hetero

Svr
Vowels

^:mn
Flatus

ANt>Swa
Semi-Vowel
A"ae;
Asonant
"ae;
Sonant
Sv
Short
dI"
Long
R
PlUt
Elongated
dI"R
Long

(A> A>
)(h) h
A
Aa

c
D
j
H
|
y

\ #

t
w
d
x
n
l

q
Q
f
F
[

p
)
b

m
(r) v

%
^

$3
@@e

Aae
AaE

A<

Idea of Spread:

Root

p'c

Spread of Hand

p<c

Extended World

p<c

Line, Queue, File, Column

Line to People

pi
p<gt

Why all sounds cannot be

pronounced together?
(10, 5)
(illusion, trap)
(rebirth, mental activity, speech)
(People to be served)

punctum, point, punctual, puncture, punch, expunge, punctal, disappoint, poignant

Compunctio is to be pricked by once own sting and usually indicates stings of
conscience
Commrto is dwelling (reasoning) around a point

Punctuation

Non-Geometrical Idea of a Point

Usage such as stick to point, hovering around a point, pointless talk etc.

Swan

kmRkr[

Vy
Breath

. . .
Svrv[R
.

v[R v[R v[R

Accent

.
.
. Syllable . Syllable . Syllable . Syllable . Syllable .
.
.
.

Quantity

Avsan

Meters

Terms

Poetics

Semantics

Embedding

gu[

Idea of a Discrete Line

Punctuationa
Contiguities of a Syllable

Paraphrasing

Sound
Quality Transformation
Efforts

s<ix inymn

Theorizing Discrete Line

Regularities
Idea of Rules

When atoms are pronounced in temporal contiguity, they interact

Either they remain as they are (natural punctuation)
Or they react (altered punctuation)

Rules of mutual reaction of 62 Atoms when in Temporal Contiguity

Rules of Punctuations
Algorismic features
Insertion: Between two sounds a new sound gets inserted

pu, cNm! puNm

Elision: One sound disappears when two sounds brought together

sm!, $m! smI

Modification: two sounds become third

Aa, #N @N

Coalescing: two sounds become one

mxu, %dkm! mxUdkm

Theorizing Discrete Line

Three-tier Rule Structure

Domain

UNIVERSAL

samaNy inym Holds for a particular Domain

% +A%
Universal

EXCEPTION

Apvad inym

Holds for sub-class of Domain

Exception

Holds for a instance in Domain

Negative
Instances

%+A%+A
DISOLUTION

inpatn inym

nu, #Twa, te, nU #Twat

No Universal or Existential Quantifiers

ONLY Restricted Quantifiers
Implies non-predicate Logic

Theorizing Discrete Line

Algorismic Closure
Idea of Meta-Rules
There are situations when Rules Conflict

pira;a
Example of blabl:

Exception rule OVERRULES Universal Rule

Meta-logical Disposition: (open system)

Given a Universal rule,

there is no a priori ground to rule out Exception to it,
though one may not be able to supply any

Discrete Line Rigorously Explored

in Extra-Ordinary Fiat of
Indic Linguistics
Semantics Oriented Theorizations
(1) In Theory of Etymology, (2) In Theory of Grammar

Yska (700-600 BC), Nirukta

Semantics

Gives Etymologies of 1298 Terms

Term

Internal Structure of Term = kit, Tyy Punctuation

Verbal Root | Inflection Punctuation
xatu
avxan AaOyatm!, sTvxanain namain,
Becoming Central to Verbs . Being Central to Nouns
Even Nouns have verbal Roots

Syntax
Paraphrasing

Further Study of Discrete Line

Phonetics
Embedding

Semantics founded on Temporality

nu:ya> kSmat!, mTva kmaRi[ sIVyiN

Yska (700-600 BC, Nirukta III.7)

How is (term) manusya (man) derived? (From being one who)

sews (siv-) actions after mentation (man-)

Freedom of man consists in his capacity to change reality
by his power to stitch, manipulate and reconfigure reality
in novel ways

Man is a Suturing Being

Stitches Action around Joints of Reality
Imagines & Thinks Discrete Junctures of Reality

Sewing up of Speech from Discrete set of

Consonants and Vowels Pninian Project

Embedding

P
v[R
v[R
. .
A
Svrv[R
N
Syllable
I
Paraphrasing
N
Semantic Terminals
IDoctrine of the Centrality of Verb:
Meaning = Verbal Root | Inflection

ktaR (agent, 1.4.54)

Verb

kmR (patient, 1.4.49)

Abstract
Group of
Sounds

Gr
Lists
am
m
ar

Rules

Meaningful
String of Sounds
(Speech)
1.1.68:
Rules of Grammar apply on Language
and not on Grammar
ORAL FORMALISM

Aixkr[ (location,
1.4.45)
sMdan (beneficiary, 1.4.32)

kr[ (means, 1.4.42)

Apadan (source, 1.4.24)

Rest concern morphology of

verbal & nominal elements
and brevity

Rules: 3,959 verb-less

statements
s<}a (introduce class and
conventions) (1.4.14) ' bases ending in nominal case

DATA LISTS

izvsUpaQ
14 groups of sounds
xatupaQ
10 groups of Verbal Roots

P
g[paQ
Groups of Nominal Stems
A

311 optional rules

Architecture of Paninis Rule based Grammar

Abstract
Group of
Sounds

42 Concerning Phonetic Rules

affixes (suP) or verbal affixes (ti~N) are called padas (syntactic words)
pira;a (metarules) (1.4.2) 'if two rules of equal power conflict then
latter prevails
ivix (operational) (6.1.101) ' simple vowels [a I u RRi LLi] will be
lengthened if they are followed by a similar (savarNa) vowel
Aixkar (headings) (3.1.1) ' henceforth starts the topic of 'pratyaya'
Aitdez (extensions) (1.4.49) tathA yuktam cAnIpsitam (1.4.50) ' that
which is most desired by kartA (agent) is called 'karma' (1.4.49). And also
that which is undesired (1.4.50).
inym (restriction) (1.4.8) . This rule restricts the application of previous
rule sheShoghyasakhi (1.4.7).
in;ex (negation) 'savarNa is class of sounds with comparable place and
manner of articulation (1.1.9). This can not be across vowels and
consonants even if they happen to have comparable place and manner of

Output:
Meaningfully
Stitched Sounds
(Speech)

N
I
N
I

Formal basis of Brevity in Panini

Each Tyahar is a partially ordered

ni required 42 groups of sounds (Tyahar)

list of v[R, represented as a syllable

mpose transformation rules for deriving language

of first sound and the marker sound
A#%
\
k
@ Aae
@e AaE
hyvr
l
[!
|m'[n
H
"Qx
j b g f d
o)DQwcqt
kp
y!
z;s
h
l!

[!
'
c!
q

42

m!
|!
;!
z!
v!
r

#k { #, %, \, }
y[! { y, v, r, l }
Ac! { #, %, \, , @, Aae,@e, Aa

...

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Mapped to Intervals in continuous list of

sounds interspersed with 14 Marker ends.
These are 14 Siva Sutra at the beginning of
Astadhyayi

Petersen proved 14 Siva Sutra are optimal linearization of Concept Lattice of 42 groups
Wiebke Petersen (2005), How Formal Concept Lattices Solve a Problem of Ancient Linguistics, in F.
Dau, M.-L. Mugnier, G. Stumme (Eds.), ICCS 2005, LNAI 3596, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp.
337352, 2005.

Derivation Procedures of Panini

Anuv&i Successive embedding of Rules for derivation
Some rule embedded in next 500+ rules

s<ix

Deriving Euphonic combinations among words

zBdp

Deriving Word Formations in different inflections

Illustrations from Ganakastadhyayi Software: download from

www.taralabalu.org/panini/

Paninis Derivation of Meaning-full Utterance

smwR> pdivix>[

| ]
[ pQ | ]

Insert Verbal Root

- Form of meaning-full syllabic sequenc

with unsaturated relational contex

[Semantic bi-punctuator of syllables with internal punctuator]

[ pQ | lq ]

Choose Tense; Insert

3.2.123

Automatic Elision

[ pQ | l ]

(due to relational context)

1.3.3

Choose Active/Passive Voice;

[ ram |[ pQ |
nsert Nominal Stem for ktaR / kmR
Force of 2.1.1 & 1.4.54

l ]]

One bi-punctuator added

Aiiht / Aniiht

Choose Person & Number;

[[
Insert Nominal Stem inflection

ram | su ]|[ pQ | l ]]

One bi-punctuator added

Agent Expressed;
[[[ ram
Insert Object Unexpressed

| su ]|[ pQ | itp! ]]|[ ved ]]

One bi-punctuator added

1.4.2; 1.3.78; 1.4.108 first person 1.4.101 & 1.4.22 single number 1.4.102

3.4.78; Force of 2.1.1 & 1.4.2-55

Case & Number of Obj;

[[[ ram | su ]|[ pQ | itp! ]]|[ ved
Insert Nominal Stem inflection
Parasmaipada;
[[[ ram | ]|[[ pQ | 3.1.68
zp! ]| itp! ]|
Atmanepada

| Am!One]] bi-punctuator added

One bi-punctuator added;
vedm!
]]
One deleted

[[[ ram | A> ]|[[ pQ | A ]| it ]| vedm! ]]

[ ram> pQit vedm! ]

wff with null relational Context

of any Punctuator

ni as Semanticist and Transformation

Algorisms for constructing Meaningful Speech
by transformation of Syllabic String
Panini does not begin with Words to construct a Sentence

Panini begins with minimal Syllabic Group (semes) that make minimal Sense

Verb in the womb of meaning

Vyakr[

Verbal + Nominal Sense

(unsaturated)

Transformation

Verb+Nouns as a well-formed meaning

Even Noun is a sentence with zero-occurrence of verb is

In Language

Meaning - Semes

In Meta-Language

unaccomplished

Transformation
Rules
accomplished

Well-formed Meaning-full Unit

(saturated)

inis Ghost at the dawn of Computer Scie

Form of Paninis Sutra is like
Backus-Naur Form

Meta-Syntax for formally expressing programming Language

http://cuiwww.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/BNFweb.html

ter Zilahy Ingerman (1967),

Panini-Backus Form Suggested,

ommunication of the ACM, Vol. 10, No.3, p. 137.

In order to describe the (rather complicated) rules of grammar, Panini invented a
notation which is equivalent in its power to that of Backus, and has many similar
properties: given the use to which the notation was put, it is possible to identify
structures equivalent to the Backus "|" and to the use of the meta-brackets "<" and
">" enclosing suggestive names. Panini avoided the necessity for the character "::="
by writing the meta-result on the right rather than the left.
Peter Naur (2006), ACMs 2005 Turing Award Lecture: Computing versus Human Thinking.
Descriptive Meta-Language
John Backus (1978), ACMs 1977 Turing Award Lecture: Can Programming be Librated
from the von Newmanns Style

Paninis Ghost in Production Rules

Chomskys Hierarchy of Formal Grammar
Grammar Languages
Type-0
Type-1
Type-2
Type-3

Automaton

Recursively enum Turing machine

erable
Context-sensitive Linear-bounded non-determini
stic Turing machine
Non-deterministic
Context-free
pushdown automaton
Regular

Finite state automaton

Production rules
(no restrictions)

and

Noam Chomsky, Understanding Human Language, Lecture at Kolkata University, Nov. 22, 2001

My professional field, as I am sure you know, was in large part created in India,
2,500 years ago. The first "generative grammar" in something like the modern sense
is Panini's grammar of Sanskrit. Nothing was known about these similarities at the
origins of the modern versions 50 years ago. It was only after the modern field had
taken shape that earlier traditions, long forgotten, began to be explored and
reinterpreted in the light of recent insights."

Why is Panini important today?

Distinction between Algorism (prakriya) and Script
In Paninis Grammar
Algorithms and program Listing are not sequentially Homologous
All symbolic automaton presume homology

...

All possible zig-zag Algorithms

Each an ordered set of rules

Linearly
Ordered
List of
Sutra-s

Open Issue

How to Specify Meanings to Computers?

Semantic Automaton?

Implied Different Flavors of Reason

in Indic and Greek Theorizations
Example:
Difference in Mathematical thought in Indic and Greek Civilizations

Quantity is either discrete or continuous

discrete quantities are Number and Speech Aristotle Categories
Ank and Aksara are two daughters of Brahm Bhagvati Stra

Different Flavors of Greek and Indian Mathematics

Greek

'Being' Centric Maths

Indic
Meta-Language'Happening'

Ratio-s of Numbers

Centric Maths

Operations of Numbers

No negative Number or Zero

Negative Number, Zero, Fractions etc.

Continuous line studied

Discrete line studied

Existence Proofs
To prove existence, assume negation,
& show contradiction

Algorismic Procedures
List successive steps of operations
to build solution

1/

/1

MATHEMATICAL EXISTENTIALISM

/1
,7

1/
4,

1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, 4/1

GREEK

1/
6,

1:2 ::2 :2

1/
7

,1

/5

,1

/3
,1
/1

,3

/1
,5

2
2,
1/
1, 8/1, 21/1, 64/1
1/64, 1/21, 1/8, 1/1,
1 2
2/
1,
4/
1,
2 is not line but square number 2
6/
1

fire:air::air:water & air:water::water:earth

1+2+3+4=10

numbers are dimensioned entities

differentia of beings is
numbers in ratio and proportion
Only Five Regular Solids
Big Results
Number of Primes are not Finite

GREEK MATHEMATICAL EXISTENTIALISM

Proportion:

species 1:species 2::species 1:species 2

number:number::magnitude:magnitude
magnitude 1:magnitude 2::magnitude 1:magnitude 2

balance of weights (lever principle)

hydrostatics (buoyancy laws)
optics (reflection law and perspective
law)
summation of motion (parallelogram
law)

Magnitudes (auto-sensa) reasoned in proportion.

Calibrated Instruments

INDIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONALISM

-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

er is not a simple entity but a poly-nominal Str

with imbedded oper
COMBINATORICS OF POLY-NOMINALS:

anxn+an-1xn-1+ a2x2+a1x1+a0x0

ipl (600 BC), DNd sU

first known description of a binary numeral system

All possible poetic meters from two syllabic quantities

ARITHMATIC:
x = 10; a = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
gives Indic place-value notations
Algorithms using place-markers:
for addition, subtraction, division,
multiplication, square, roots etc.

+
me Star

Expansion of (x+y)n
s<kln
Bala Sunder et al (2003), Context Free Grammar of
Venpa Class of Tamil Poetry, IIIT, Bangalore.

AshokJunjunwala et al (1993), Computer Implementation of Straight

Division Algorithm, Journal of IETE, Vol 5, No 3, pp 317-322.

Realm of Number is Homogeneous

Except for distinction of Ordinal and
Cardinal

INDIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONALISM

RESIDUAL EVALUATION USING POLY-NOMINALS:

Analogue Arithmetic
Rope Aphorisms

zuLb sU (600 BC- )

]e smas

Calculus of Areas

How to change shape while keeping area constant?

add, subtract, divide area

90
90

90

sivze;

90

6
5

10

90

4
1 2
90

value along with special leftover

approximation to desired degree

90

3
90

90

1/(343433) + 1/(343434)

= 4(1 1/8 + 1/(829) 1/(8296) + 1/(82968))

INDIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONALISM

CONGRUENCIES OF POLY-NOMINALS:

AayR (499), AayRqIy

Ax+c=b y
where a, b, c are mutually prime integers & x, y are integral variables

kk

173 x + 3 = 71 y
71 ) 173 ( 2
142
31 ) 71 ( 2
62
9 ) 31 ( 3
27
4)9(2
8
1

2
2
3

+
3

+
0

2
2

2
2

117 = y

48 48 = x
+

3 21 21
+
6 6
Solved 5 simultaneous indeterminate
3 equations of planetary motion to
calculate grand conjunction period of
43200000 solar years. KALI System.

T.R.N. Rao & C.-H. Yang (2006), Aryabhata remainder theorem: relevance to crypto-algorithms,
Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 25: 1-15.
M.D. Srinivas (1987), Methodology of Indian Mathematics and its Contemporary Relevance,
PPST Bulletin, 12: 1-35.

INDIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONALISM

TRIANGULARIZATION OF POLY-NOMINALS:
INDIC
Algebra of Half-Chords

AayR (499), AayRqIy

AxR Jya(q) (i.e., ~ r sin (q))

Jya

AxR kaeJya(q) (i.e., ~ r cos (q))

r q

AaeTm
Jya

(InverseArabic
sin) script
Jb vowel-less
pronounced jaib meaning bosom or fold
Fibonacci translated into Latin sinus meaning bosom or fold

For interpolation ryabhatta used first

differential (linear difference),
Brahmagupta second differential
(quadratic polynomial) and later cubic
and higher degree polynomials were
used.

GREEK
Chord & Triangle Proportional

jya x

3.45
7.30
11.15
15
18.45
22.30
26.15
30

225
449
671
890
1105
1315
1520
1719

1st
diff

2nd
diff

224
222
219
215
210
205
199

-2
-3
-4
-5
-5
-6

INDIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONALISM

EXPANSION & CONTRACTION OF POLY-NOMINALS:

= tan - (tan3 )/3 + (tan5 )/5 - ...

sin = - 3/3! + 5/5! - ...
cos = 1 - 2/2! + 4/4! tan-1 = - 3/3 + 5/5 - ...

/4 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - ... 1/n (-fi(n+1)), i = 1,2,3, and where

f1 = n/2, f2 = (n/2)/(n2 + 1) and f3 = ((n/2)2 + 1)/((n/2)(n2 + 4 + 1))2
...
And many Infinite series
And continuous fractions

Marriage of Indic and Greek Mathematics in Europe (15th cent-17th cent)

INDIC

GREEK

Homogeneous Numbers

Heterogeneous Numbers

Vite (1591)
Physicalization of Mathematics
Algebra

Birth of Formula

Physical Species

Wallis Numbers are as seamlessly continuous as pouring water from pitcher

Idea of Real Line Every point on a line is a number

Spatio-Numeric Continuum

MARRIAGE OF INDIC & GREEK MATHEMATICS

Vite (1591, ch V, rule 4)
The first and permanent law of equalities or proportions which,
because it is conceived from homogeneous quantities is called the
law of homogeneous quantities, is this: homogeneous quantities must
be compared with homogeneous quantities.
Vite further enjoined that Magnitudes, both given and sought, are
to be combined and compared, in accordance with the given
statement of a problem, by adding, subtracting, multiplying and
dividing, always observing the law of homogeneous terms.
Polynomial x3 + x = 1 is an equation A3 + B2A = B2Z
where, using his convention, A was unknown and B and Z
were known. Each term now has dimension three and
thus there is an extraneously embedded compliance of

MARRIAGE OF INDIC & GREEK MATHEMATICS

Vite physicalized mathematics and for the first time articulated
condition for mathematics to become useful for the study of the
causal closure of matter.

Boyles law PV = RT
Newtons law f = ma
Planks law E= etc.
Balancing dimensions is a condition for physicalization of mathematics,
For copulation of causally closed matter and exact language
Physicalization of
Mathematics/Logic

MARRIAGE OF INDIC & GREEK MATHEMATICS

Problems in the Marriage

Idea of Continuum Doubtful

Continuum Hypothesis Unprovable
Cardinality of Real Number = 2(Cardinality of Natural Numbers)
List of all numbers between
0&1

All Limitation Theorems use Cantors Anti Diagonal Proof

0.a11 a12 a13 a1n
0.a21 a22 a23 a2n
0.a31 a32 a33 a3n
.
.
0.an1 an2 an3 ann
.
.
.

What about a number

0.(a11)(a22)(a33) (ann) ?

Civilizational Departures
in Logic
Indic and Greek Formalizations differ Considerably

Meta-Language around Universal Verb

All Sutra-s have implicit a unique verb bhavati (happens)

X becomes Y presupposes X was not

Y, X will be Y or X begins to be Y etc.
But X is Y does not presuppose or imply
any sentence with become.
This proves that X is Y is a primitive
verb which shows up even in the
meaning of X becomes Y but its
atomicity does not permit assimilation
of its meaning in any other verbal form.
being, is a universal verb

Proposition

Indian
What are you doing? All verbs can
come as answers cooking, going,
staying, knowing etc.
na hi bhavati kim karoti astti
It does not happen what are you
doing? I am.

asti, vidyate, bhavati

being, presence, happening
happening is a universal verb

Ptajali (300BC, on 1.3.1)

Greek

Mhbhsya

Which verb is an Universal Verb?

A verb whose sense is shared by all verbs

bhavati (happening) is a universal verb

Atomic sense of transference

Bhva
Atomic form of transference
Punctuator entity1|entity2, Relational Context
Before After

Environment

Structure of Rule

#kaey[ic,
#k>, y[!, Aic,
#k (genitive case)| y[! (nominative case)| Ac! (locative case)|

#k

Ac!

Ac!

#kbecomes (transference) y[! in relational context of succeedingAc!

Substitution Punctuator #k

| y[! , R
Where R :#k

| Ac! ,

#k

y[!