Engine Parameters

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VC
Gasket

Combustion
Chamber
TDC

VS

Piston
Stroke
Cylinder

BDC

Connecting
Rod

Bore

Crank Radius

Crank Shaft

Stroke
Crank Radius (crank throw)

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Compression ratio (r)

Volume above piston at BDC
r
Volume above piston at TDC

VC VS
r
VC
VS
r 1
VC
VC = Clearance volume
VS = Swept volume = /4 D2 L
where: L (stroke) = 2 , is the crankshaft radius
- Increasing the compression ration increases the thermal
efficiency, compression is limited by the knock limit.

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Engine Displacement, Swept

Volume or Engine Capacity (Ve):
TDC
Stroke

VS

VS

VS

VS
BDC

Bore

Ve = VS n
Ve = (/4) D2 L n
Where:
Ve = engine capacity, Vs = cylinder swept volume
n = number of cylinders, L = stroke, D = bore diameter

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Volumetric Efficiency V
Air Entering the Engine
V
Engine Displacement

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Volumetric Efficiency V (cont.)

Engines are only capable of 80% to 90%
volumetric efficiency.
Volumetric efficiency depends upon throttle
opening and engine speed as well as induction
and exhaust system layout, port size and valve
timing and opening duration.
High volumetric efficiency increases engine
power.
Turbo charging is capable of increasing
volumetric efficiency up to 50%.
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Indicated mean effective pressure

(imep)
Factors affecting imep:

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Compression ratio
Air/fuel ratio
Volumetric efficiency
Ignition timing
Valve timing and lift
Air pressure and
temperature
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Factors affecting (imep)

- Retarded ignition
- Compression ratio

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- Weak mixture
- Super charged

Pressure, Force, Work & Power

a

A (m2)

F (N)

p = imep (N/m2)

L (m)

F= P.A (N)

Work (W) = F.L (N m)

Time (t) = 60 / (Ne /k) (s)
Indicated power (Pi) cylinder = W/t = F.L .Ne/(k*60) (W)
(Pi) cylinder = (imep.A.L.Ne) / (k . 60)

k = 2 (four stroke)
k = 1 (two stoke)

(Pi) engine = imep. (A.L.n) Ne / (k . 60)

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(Pi) engine = [imep. Ve . Ne/ (k . 60)] (W)

Engine Indicated Power (Pi)

Engine power factors:
Engine capacity (Ve)
Engine Speed (rpm) (Ne)
Number of strokes k
k=2, four stroke engine
k=1, two stoke engine
(imep):
volumetric efficiency,
compression ratio,
ignition quality, mixture
strength, temperature
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Pi = imep.Ve.Ne / (60. k)

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Engine friction
Three types of frictionbearing surfaces in
automobile engines:
Journal
Guide
Thrust

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Engine Brake Power (Pb)

-This is the power developed at the
crankshaft or flywheel.
-The term brake originated from the method
used to determine an engines power
output by measuring the torque using
some form of friction dynamometer.

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Engine Mechanical Efficiency m

Pb = Pi - Pf
Where:
Pi = indicated power
Pb= brake power
Pf = friction power
m = Pb / Pi

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Engine Brake Power (Pb)

P b = P i m
Pb = (imep Ve Ne / 60 k) m
Pb = (imep m)Ve Ne / 60 k
Pb = bemp Ve Ne / 60 k
Where:
bmep = brake mean effective pressure
bmep = imep m

* bmep is indication of engine efficiency regardless

of capacity or engine speed, 1000 kPa represent
high efficiency.
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Gross & Net Brake Power

Gross brake power is
measured without the
following items:
Cooling fan, coolant
pump, radiator, alternator,
exhaust system. (SAE)
Net brake power is
measured with all the
above items. (DIN)
Gross power is 10-15%
more than net power.
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Engine Torque Te
Torque and crankshaft angle:
Work is also accomplished
when the torque is applied
through an angle.
Distance xy = r
W = F . xy = F r = T
W per one revolution = T (2)
P = W/t = T (2)/t = T/1000
Where: = 2 Ne/60
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Engine Torque Te (Cont.)

Pb = T =Te(2 Ne/60x1000) = Te Ne / 9550 (kW)
bmep . Ve . Ne / k 60 = Te (2 Ne/60)
Te = bmep . Ve / 2 . K
Where:
Pe = Engine power (kW)
Ne = Engine speed (rpm)
Te = Engine torque (Nm)
bemp = brake mean effective pressure (Pa)
Ve = engine capacity (m3)
k = 2, for 4-stroke engines
1, for 2-stroke engines
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Engine Torque Te (Cont.)

- There is a direct
relationship between
BMEP and torque
output.
- The torque curve with
engine rpm is identical to
the bmep curve, with
different values.

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Engine Fuel consumption (FC)

The amount of fuel an engine consumes can
be measured by:
volume (cm3 or liter) per (sec. or mint, or hr)
or
mass (kg) per (sec, or mint, or hr).

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Engine Specific Fuel Consumption

(SFC)
Specific fuel consumption represents the
mass or volume of fuel an engine
consumes per hour while it produces 1 kW
of power.
Typical gasoline engines will have an SFC
of about 0.3 kg/(kW.h).
SFC is an indication of the engines
thermal or heat efficiency.
m
SFC

P (kg/h)/kw or kg/(kw h)
.

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Engine Thermal Efficiency (th)

The efficiency of an engine in converting the
heat energy contained in the liquid fuel into
mechanical energy is termed its thermal
efficiency.
The petrol engine is particularly inefficient and
at its best may reach 25% efficiency.
The thermal efficiency of a diesel engine can
reach 35% due to its higher compression
ratio.
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Thermal Efficiency (Cont.)

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Thermal Efficiency (th) (Cont.)

brake thermal efficiency ( th )
brake thermal efficiency ( th )

Pb . 60 .60
.

m . CV
3600 Pb
.

V . . CV

where:
.
m is the fuel consumption (kg/h)
V is the fuel consumption (L/h)
CV is the calorific or heat value of 1 kg of the fuel
(kJ/kg or MJ/kg). (CV for gasoline is 40000 kJ/kg)
is the relative density (kg/L) of the fuel .
.

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Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)

& Thermal efficiency (th)
3600 Pb

3600

3600
th .
.

m . CV (m /Pb ) . CV SFC. CV
Where:
th = thermal efficiency
.

m = fuel consumption (kg/h)

Pb = brake power (kW)

CV = calorific value (kJ)
SFC = specific fuel consumption (kg/(kW.h))
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Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC)

& Thermal efficiency (th)
A mirror reflection of
the SFC curve shows
the shape of the
engines thermal
efficiency curve.
The lowest point on
the SFC curve
becomes the highest
point on the thermal
efficiency curve.
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Power Units
BHP (bhp) = 550 ft lb/s
PS = 75 kg m/s
kW = 1000 (N m/s)
BHP = British and American horse power
PS ="PferdeStrke is "horse power in
German
PS = 0.986 bhp, BHP = 1.0142 PS
kW = 1.36 PS, PS = 0.73529 kW
kW = 1.341 bhp, BHP = 0.7457 kW
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Engine Performance Curves

Imep
Bemp and torque
Indicated power
Brake power
Indicated thermal
efficiency
6. Brake thermal
efficiency
7. Specific fuel
consumption
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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