DRUG

EFFECT

3 STEPS:
1. PHARMACEUTICAL
DOSE
DOSAGE FORM

Breaking
Dissolution

DRUG available
To be absorbed
(bioavailability)

2. PHARMACOKINETICS
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

DRUG available
to be excreted

3. PHARMACODYNAMICS
Interaction:
drug - receptor

EFFECT

MTC

Drug concentration

C2
Cm

C1

MEC

A-B
P-Q
Cm
MEC
MTC
AD

Q
Time

Abs. Process
Duration of action
Max. conc.
Min. Effective conc.
Min. toxic conc.
Initial action

FACTORS THAT AFFECTED BOAVAILABILITY

1. PATIENT CONDITION
Age, sex, pregnancy
Food, diet etc

2. PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Drug particle size, salt, ester
Vehicle
Drug dosage form, formula

PER ORAL:
Solution > suspension > capsule > tablet > coated tablet

Concentration

AMINOPHYLLINE
i.v
1.50

enema

1.25

tablet
Suppository

1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
1

3
Time

Incompatibility
Caused by:
1. Two or more drugs given at the same time
2. Drug food
absorption

Therapeutic incompatibility
Pharmaceutical incompatibility
- Physical
- Chemical

THERAPEUTIC INCOMPATIBILITY
Response to one or more drugs in the patients is different or intensify
than that intended by the prescribers.

Resulted from:
Errors in writing prescription
Errors in interpreting prescription orders

e.g.
Over dosage
Contraindicated drugs,
Synergistic effects
Antagonistic effects
Other drug interactions related to pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic interactions
Pharmacist has to consult/give suggestion to the prescriber

PHARMACEUTICAL INCOMPATIILITY
The arising problems during the compounding, dispensing or
administration of drugs
can cause therapeutic incompatibility

PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY:
Insolubility
Liquefaction
Physical complexion
CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY:
Oxidation reduction
Acid base
Hydrolysis
Combination reaction

FORMULAS IN THE PRESCRIPTION

BENEFIT

RISK

F.MAGISTRALIS
-dose/drug can be determined
suitable with patient
- Drug in raw material
not costly

-Not all drugs available in raw

material, if available in trade name
costly
-Not all dosage form can be
composed in pharmacy

F.SPECIALITIES

-Relatively costly
-Possibly 1/more drugs in the formula
are not needed by the patient
redundant

- Already available
faster
-Available in varied dosage
forms

F.OFFICINALIS
-Single/composed drug:
effective, combined
ideally

- Not Developed
- only available in old books
published many years ago
- Old fashioned

WRITING PRESCRIPTION
M.D.
must

FORMULA

mag.

FORMULA
spec.

FORMULA
off.

understand

Drug properties
pharmacology,
physical, chemical

Content,
comp., conc.,
dosage

Content,
comp., conc.,
dosage

know

incompatibility

incompatibility

Official books

be capable
to
determine

Therapeutic dose,
dosage form, how
& time to adm.

Therapeutic dose,
dosage form, how
& time to adm

Therapeutic dose,
dosage form, how
& time to adm

write
prescription

Lege artis (l.a)

suitable with
dosage form

Trade name !!!

write the name

of off.formula

DRUG FUNCTION
1. REMEDIA CARDINALE = core drug
Function: to cure diseases
2. REMEDIA ADJUVANTIA
Function: symptomatic
3. REMEDIA CORRIGENTIA
R. Corr. Actionis = improving drug action
R. Corr. Saporis = making more palatable
R. Corr. Odoris = covering drug smell
R. Corr. Coloris = improving drug colour
4. REMEDIA CONSTITUENT
Function: vehicle, filler