SIX-WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

(JUNE-JULY2012)
AT
B H A R AT E L E C T R O N I C S L I M I T E D
(BEL) GHAZIABAD
ON
RADAR TRANSMITTER

SUBMITTED BY
H I T E S H M I T TA L
101005021

CONTENTS
Bharat Electronics Limited An Overview
Rotation
Introduction to RADAR
Its block diagram
Transmitter
Its mechanical description
Its general description

BEL
-An Overview
It was founded in 1954.
Founded as a public Sector Enterprise under the

administrative control of Ministry of Defence as the

fountainhead to supply and manufacture electronics
components and equipments.
Today BELs infrastructure is spread over nine
locations with 29 production divisions having ISO
9001/9002 accredition.

BEL

-An Overview
CORPORATE

MOTTO-

Quality,Technology and Innovation.

CORPORATE MISSION-

To be the market leader in Defence electronics and in

other chosen fields and products.

BEL

-An Overview
CORPORATE

OBJECTIVES-

To become a customer driven company.

To achieve growth in operation commensurate with

the growth of professional electronic industry in the

country.
To generate internal resources for financing the
investments.
In order to meet the nations strategic needs,to strive
for self reliance by indigenization of materials and
components.

BEL-Ghaziabad Plant
Over the years the unit has successfully

manufactured a wide variety of equipment needed

for defence and civil use.
It enjoys a unique status as manufacture of IFF
systems needed to match a variety of primary radars.
The operations at BEL Ghaziabad are headed by
General manager with Additional/Deputy General
Manager heading various divisions.

PROJECT
1)ROTATION(brief sight to
various departments)

2)RADAR
TRANSMITTER

ROTATION
TEST EQUIPMENT SUPPORT (TES)
Develops technical supports to other departments.

This includes : Handling requests for equipments from other

departments.
Storage of rejected equipments.
Approval of equipments to be purchased.
Repair of equipment in case of failure.
Maintenance of equipments.

ROTATION
AUTOMATION TEST EQUIPMENT
(ATP)
1) Component testing-gives faults of various discrete

components of a PCB.
2) Integrated Circuit-tester tests various ICs.
3) Functional testing-compares output to decide
whether the function is being performed to the
desired accuracy level.

ROTATION
PCB FABRICATION
It is used to mechanically support and electrically

connect electronic components using conductive

pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non conductive substrate.

ROTATION
WORKS ASSEMBLY
Its main function to assemble various products

,components and instruments in particular

procedure.

ROTATION
QUALITY CONTROL WORKS
Its main function to ensure the quality of the product.
It inspects all items manufactured in the factory
After mistake is detected

Observation is made.
ii. Object code is given.
iii. Division code is given
iv. Change code is prepared
v. Recommended action is taken
i.

I
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RADAR

RADAR
RADAR-Radio detection and Ranging.

FUNCTIONS
Measurement of target angles as its primary

function.
Measurement of Doppler velocity and discrimination
of a desired target from background noise and clutter
is a prerequisite to detection and measurement.

Sign conventions
The Doppler frequency is negative (lower
frequency, red shift) for objects receding from the
radar
The Doppler frequency is positive (higher
frequency, blue shift) for objects approaching the
radar
These color shift conventions are typically also
used on radar displays of Doppler velocity

Red: Receding from radar

Blue: Toward radar

BLOCK DIAGRAM

RADAR
Operates in S band.
Capable of track while scan (TWS) mode of airborne

targets upto 130 km.

It employs multibeam coverage to in the receiving
mode to provide for necessary discrimination.
The antenna is mechanically rotated in azimuth to
provide 360 degree coverage.
It is designed to play the role of medium range
surveillance.

TRANSMITER
SALIENT FEATURESIt is of coherent MOPA type.
It operates in S band using TWT as a final amplifier.
It is used to amplify low RF power signal to high

power RF signal as demanded by the system.

TWT dissipates large amount of energy therefore it is
subjected to both air and liquid cooling.

3-phase,400V,50Hz
3-channel liq cooling in
3-channel liq cooling out
Air cooling in
Air cooling out
BIT0

SP signals

ROHINI

RF out

TRANSMITTER
System status

BIT1
RF PULSE

Dry air

PRETRG
GRID PULSE

RF input

Input output diagram of Transmitter

OPERATION MODES OF
TRANSMITTER
a) OFF
: All subsystems switched OFF
b) Cold Standby
: Only LVPSUs, TWT heater and Grid
biases are switched ON. No High Voltage
applied.
c) Hot Stand By
: High Voltages applied, No RF and No grid
Pulsing.
d) Transmission
: RF power delivered to Antenna / matched
Load.
i) Full Power mode
: Full RF Power delivered to the Antenna
ii) Reduced Power mode : The transmitter is operated at 1/10 of its full
power based on the selection by the user.
iii) Fail safe mode
: A low power at required duty
delivered to antenna through solid state
Power
amplifier when liquid cooling fails.
Modes are selected by the operator.

MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION

3-TRACK CONFIGURATION
Control Rack
Monitoring panel
Control panel
Synoptic panel
CPC
Inverter

High Voltage Rack

FDM (Solid state Switching)
Cathode Assembly
Collector Assembly
Blower Unit
Heater Unit

Microwave Rack
TWT
RF Plumbing
RF Drive Unit
SSPA
ION Pump Controller

1.)CONTROL RACK

CONTROL RACK

Control

Rack provides the protection controls and indications. As mentioned before,

this rack is divided in five sections according to their functions.

Monitoring

Panel

The Monitoring Panel provides monitoring ports for measuring of trigger signals to the

transmitter, liquid cooling status, collector and cathode Inverter currents and bridge
voltages. It provides an emergency switch OFF button and digital displays for collector
and cathode voltages.

Control

Panel

The control panel controls the power supplies of various units such as the fans, heater,

LVPSU, Inverter, Modulator, RF Drive Unit and SSPA. The hour meters for filament,
EHT and RF are also placed on the control panel.

CONTROL RACK
Synoptic Panel
Synoptic Panel is located above the Control and Protection Circuit (CPC). It

indicates the faults and status signals generated by CPC. Green LEDs represent
status signals while Red LEDs represent faults. Audio alarms are also provided
to indicate faults.

Control and Protection Circuits

The CPC ensures the sequential switching ON/OFF of the transmitter,

continuous monitoring and interlocking of various parameters, detection and

indication of errors.

Inverter
The Inverter is the main functional block of the (cathode/collector) HV

Power supplies. A number of indicators are placed on the front panel of the
Inverter unit.

2.)HIGH VOLTAGE RACK

This is central block of the

transmitter, where cabins for HV
Cathode and Collector are
assembled. Above this is a FDM
block where all the cards are
installed and insulated from the
transmitter that works on HV.

3.)MICROWAVE RACK

MICROWAVE RACK
The microwave unit consists of the following functional

assemblies:

1. Low power amplifier [RF drive unit]

2. High power TWT amplifier
3. RF Plumbing, Wave-guide switch & dummy load
4. Solid state power amplifier (2 kW) for low power transmission
5.
6.
7.
8.

mode
TWT ion pump supply
Resistive TWT anode divider
Microwave power measurement circuits
Air cooling components

MICROWAVE RACK
Low Power Driver for TWT (RF Driver)
Low Power amplifier stage (RF Driver) amplifies pulsed RF signal from

1mW (0dBm) to few Watts power, necessary to drive the TWT

amplifier.

High Power Microwave Stage

High Power Microwave consists of mainly TWT, which amplifies the

pulsed RF signal received from the RF Driver of few watt power to a

level of 120 -185 KW at the TWT output followed by High Power RF
plumbing components.

MICROWAVE RACK
High Power RF stage consists of:
Traveling Wave Tube (TWT)
Ferrite Circulator
Dual Directional Coupler (DDC)
High Power dummy load
Wave guide channel
Wave guide switch

MICROWAVE RACK
A traveling-wave tube (TWT) is a specialised

vacuum tube that is used in electronics to amplify

radio frequency (RF) signals to high power, usually
as part of an electronic assembly known as
a traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA).
The bandwidth of a broadband TWT can be as high
as one octave, although tuned (narrowband) versions
exist, and operating frequencies range from 300
MHz to 50 GHz. The voltage gain of the tube is on
the order of 70 decibels.

MICROWAVE RACK
Ferrite

circulator
Ferrite circulator is used to protect the microwave tube against failure / damage due to
reflected power in case of excess VSWR at Antenna input port. The Four port Ferrite
circulator type is used as an isolator.
Dual Directional Coupler
High Power Dual Directional Coupler (DDC) is used for measuring the Transmit
Power and reflected power. If reflected power exceeds the specified limit of 2:1 VSWR,
video signal is generated to cut-off the RF drive through control and protection unit.
High

power dummy load

High power dummy load is used to test the transmitter with out connecting the
antenna during stand alone testing.
Wave-guide

Channel
To connect all the components in the required form, flexible sections, E-bends, Hbends and straight sections are used. Standard W/G sections are being used for this
purpose.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

SSPA

RF DRIVER

TWT

COUPLER

W/G
SWITCH
TO
ANTENNA

FWD AND
RFLECTED
PWR MONITOR
FIL., GRID, CATHODE,
COLLECTOR SUPPLY

LIQUID COOLING

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Transmitter amplifies the pulsed RF signal from few Watts to many KW

while maintaining the phase noise (additive noise) to prescribed margin as

demanded by the system. In addition, a Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA)
is provided, as a stand by option, to ensure fail-safe mode, in case of failure of
liquid coolant.
It employs a Traveling Wave Tube as final power amplifier. Low power

amplifier stage (RF Driver) amplifies pulsed RF signal from 1mW to few W
which is necessary to drive the TWT amplifier.
This is followed by an isolator. The isolator protects the transistor power

amplifiers against excessive reflections from TWT. The signal is thereafter

passed through a DC, a RF switch and an attenuator to cater for the three
transmission modes. The sampled output of the DC is used for monitoring
the input RF signal to the TWT.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The RF Driver output is given to the input of TWT, which amplifies the

pulsed RF signal from few Watts to a level of many kW at the TWT output.
High power RF plumbing components are connected at the output of
TWT.
The TWT output is given to an arc detector followed by a ferrite circulator.

The Ferrite circulator is used to protect the microwave tube against failure
/damage due to reflected power in case of excessive VSWR at Antenna
input port. The output of
Ferrite Circulator is given to High Power Dual Directional Coupler (DDC),

which is used for measuring the transmitted and reflected power. If

reflected power exceeds the specified limit of VSWR, a video signal is
generated to cut off the RF drive through control and protection circuit.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Control and Protection Circuit ensures the sequential

switching ON of the transmitter, continuous monitoring and

interlocking of various parameters, detection and indication
of errors.
All these are achieved by dedicated hardware and software.
Synoptic Panel consists of LEDs, switches and LCD display.
LEDs are used to show the status of the transmitter. They also
show the fault, if any, in the transmitter. The LCD display,
mounted on Synoptic panel, is used to show the value of
cathode voltage & current, collector voltage and current. It
also displays the Filament voltage and current, Grid + ve and
-ve voltages and RF forward power.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Inverter unit converts the incoming ac supply to DC and then

converts the DC to high frequency AC (Pulse width controlled square

wave) operating at 20 kHz. The output of the Inverter unit is given to HV
rack for generation of Cathode and Collector voltages of the TWT
amplifier.
High Voltage Power Supply unit (HVPSU) is used to supply high voltage

to collector and cathode of the TWT.

The Floating Deck Modulator (FDM) unit generates filament voltage

with surge current protection and also generates grid +ve and grid -ve
voltages. Switching of grid voltage as per pulse width and PRF
requirements are also provided by FDM.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Cooling Unit is used to cool the various components of

the transmitter. The TWT, High Power Ferrite Isolator,

high Voltage Power supplies and RF dummy load are
cooled with de-ionized water and ethylene glycol
mixture.
Forced air-cooling is employed to cool other

components using ambient air which is filtered to

ensure dust free air. The Dry Air unit ensures that the
wave guide is at all times pressurized and dry.

THANK YOU