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Chapter 2 - Part 1-Amplitude Modulation - v2
Chapter 2 - Part 1-Amplitude Modulation - v2
(AM)
Objectives
To describe the principles of AM
To define and analyze the modulation index
To analyze the spectral analysis and
bandwidth calculation
To analyze the power distribution of AM
Lecture overview
Principles of amplitude modulation (AM)
Modulation index
Spectral analysis and bandwidth calculation
Power analysis of AM
Principles of AM
Definitions:
The process of changing the amplitude of a
Contd
Information signal cannot travel far. It needs
Contd
Amplitude of the carrier signal varies with
Contd
The AM Envelope
The Generation of AM
Envelope
component of fm.
Frequency spectrum of an AM
DSBFC Wave
Bandwidth (BW)
The BW of an AM DSBFC wave is equal to the
Example 1
For a conventional AM modulator with a
a)
b)
c)
d)
Contd
Mathematically, the modulation index is
m = modulation index
Em = peak change in the amplitude output
waveform (sum of voltages from upper and
lower side frequencies)
E
E
E
%m
x 100%
E
m
Contd
If the modulating signal is a pure, single-
Therefore,
max
max
min
min
1
(Vm ax Vm in )
(V Vm in )
2
m
m ax
1
(Vmax Vm in )
(Vm ax Vm in )
2
Contd
Since the peak change of modulated
usf
where E E
lsf
usf
Then
1
(V V )
E
E E
2
2
2
1
(V V )
4
max
usf
lsf
max
min
min
lsf
Contd
From the modulated wave displayed in the
Contd
% modulation of AM DSBFC
envelope
Contd
For proper AM operation, Ec > Em means that
0 m 1.
If Ec < Em means that m > 1 leads to severe
distortion of the modulate wave.
If Vc = Vm the percentage of modulation index
goes to 100%, means the maximum
information signal is transmitted. In this case,
Vmax = 2Vc and Vmin = 0.
Example 2
Suppose that Vmax value read from the
Example 3
For the AM waveform shown in Figure
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
below, determine
Peak amplitude of the upper and lower side
frequencies.
Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier.
Peak change in the amplitude of the
envelope.
Modulation index.
Percent modulation.
The Mathematical
Representation and Analysis
of
AM both the modulating signal V (t) and the
Representing
m
Contd
Substituting Vm = mVc gives:
v am (t ) [Vc mVc sin (2f m t )] sin (2f c t )
[1 m sin (2f m t )] Vc sin (2f c t )
Constant +
mod. signal
Unmodulated
carrier
Contd
The constant in the first term produces the
V sin (2f t )
c
Carrier frequency
signal (volts)
mV
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
2
c
mV
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
2
Contd
From the equation it is obvious that the
Example 4
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
AM Power
Distribution
In any electrical circuit, the power
carrier is
R
2R
Pc = carrier power (watts)
Vc = peak carrier voltage (volts)
R = load resistance i.e antenna (ohms)
Contd
The upper and lower sideband
powers will be
2
2
2
(mV c / 2)
m Vc
Pus b Plsb
2R
8R
Rearranging in terms of Pc,
2
2
m Vc
m2
Pus b Plsb
P
c
4 2R
4
Contd
The total power in an AM wave is
Pt Pc Pusb Plsb
yields
m2
m2
Pt Pc
Pc
Pc
4
4
m2
m2
Pc
Pc Pc [1
]
2
2
Contd
With 100% modulation the maximum
Example 5
For an AM DSCFC wave with a peak
a)
b)
c)
d)
Transmitter Efficiency
Transmitter efficiency,
= average power from sideband/total
power absorbed.
= m/ ( 2+m )
Modulation by a complex
information
signal
Previous examples are all using a single frequency
modulation signal. In practice, however, modulating signal is
very often a complex waveform made up from many sine
waves with different amplitudes and frequencies.
Example: if a modulating signal contains three
frequencies(fm1, fm2, fm3), the modulated signal will contain
the carrier and three sets of side frequencies, spaced
symmetrically about the carrier:
mV
mV
mV
v (t ) V sin (2f t )
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
2
2
2
mV
mV
mV
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
cos [2 ( f f )t ]
2
2
2
c
am
m1
m2
m1
m3
m3
m2
Contd..frequency spectrum
for complex information
signal
Fc-fm3 Fc-fm2
Fc-fm1
fc
Fc+fm1Fc+fm2 Fc+fm3
m m m m ... m
t
Pm
P P
4
Pm
P
2
m
P P 1
usbt
lsbt
sbt
Example 6
a)
b)
c)
High Level AM
Transmitter
index
To analyze the spectral analysis and
bandwidth calculation
To analyze the power distribution of AM