Chapter 11

Lesson 1 Evidence of Evolution

What is evolution?
Evolution is change over time.
The scientific theory of evolution
explains how living things descend from
earlier organisms.
It helps us understand the history of life
on Earth.

 What evidence supports evolution?

Fossils
Similarities on DNA and protein
structure
Similarities of body structure
Similarities in Early Development

Fossils
Fossils helped scientist inferred about
the shape and function of ancient
organisms' body structures.
They support the theory that living
organisms evolved from earlier simpler
organisms.
The Fossil Record(the millions of fossils
collected by scientists and organized by
date) gives clues of how and when a
new species evolved and how organisms
may be related
Species a group of similar organisms
that can mate with each other and
reproduce fertile offspring.

Similarities in DNA and

protein Structure
Scientists infer that species inherited
many of the same genes from a
common ancestor.
The more similar the DNA sequence
the more closely related the species
are.
The order of amino acids in proteins
can also show how closely related
two species may be.

Similarities in Body
Structures

Organisms that share the same

basic body plan are assumed to have
come from a common ancestor.
Vertebrates have a backbone.
Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
Homologous structures structures
shared by species are attributed to a
common ancestor.

Similarities in early
Development
Scientist also
infer evolutionary
relationships by
comparing early
development of
organisms.
Organisms with
common ancestry
look similar during
the early stages of
development.

Darwin Natural Selection

An environmental change favors an
existing trait in an species giving
those members of the species an
advantage to survive and to
reproduce, passing on the favored
trait to their offspring.

Lesson 2 Darwins Theory

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What is Natural Selection?

Natural selection is the PROCESS by
which individuals that have a variation
that matches the environment are
more likely to survive and reproduce
than other members of the same
species.
Variations differences between
individuals of the same species.
Adaptation the variation that gives
organisms the advantage to survive
and reproduce.
Overproduction, Variation, Competition
and Selection.

 Environmental change, Genes and

Natural Selection.
The case of the Moth during the
industrial revolution.
The case of antibiotic resistant
bacteria and super bugs.
White Lizard

Lesson 3 Biodiversity and

Extinction

How do new species form?

A new species can form when a
group of individuals remain isolated
from the rest of its species long
enough to evolved different traits that
prevent reproduction.

What factors affect

biodiversity?
Biodiversity the number of different
species in an area.
Factors that affect biodiversity in an
ecosystem are as follow;
Area- the larger the area the more
biodiversity.
Climate tropical rainforests are the
most diverse ecosystems.
Genetic Diversity species with diverse
gene pools are better able to adapt and
survive changes in the environment.
Niche Diversity a diverse habitat
supports a larger number of species
than a uniformed habitat.

Why do species go extinct?

Extinction when all members of a
species disappear for Earth.
Process of extinction
Threaten species - in danger to become
endangered.
Endangered species in danger to
become extinct.

Extinction and Human

Activities
Extinction is a natural process that
usually happens gradually.
Extinction rates have increased do to
human activities
Pollution
Contamination
Destruction of habitats
Invasive species
Hunting