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Unit3 - Class1 - Concept of Neg Feedback
Unit3 - Class1 - Concept of Neg Feedback
Unit3 - Class1 - Concept of Neg Feedback
DESIGN OF ANALOG
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
UNIT 3
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Topic: Concept of Negative Feedback
Book: Behzad Razavi,
Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction to Feedback
Feedback Amplifier Positive & Negative
Advantages/Disadvantages of Negative
Feedback
Basic Feedback Concept
Classification of Amplifiers
Series Shunt Configuration
Shunt Series Configuration
Series - Series Configuration
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Introduction to Feedback
3
Feedback Amplifier
4
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Positive Feedback
5
Negative Feedback
7
Speed control
If the car starts to speed up above the
desired set-point speed, negative
feedback causes the throttle to close,
thereby reducing speed; similarly, if the
car slows, negative feedback acts to
open the throttle
10
Advantages of Negative
Feedback
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11
Disadvantages of Negative
Feedback
1.
2.
So
A
Af
Si 1 A
if
A 1
A 1 then A f
14
15
16
17
18
19
Classification of Amplifiers
20
Feedback Configuration
21
Series:
connecting
the
feedback
signal
in series with
the
input signal
Shunt:
voltage.
connecting
the
feedback
signal
in shunt
(parallel)
with an
Av
Avf
1 v Av
if Ro RL
then the output of feedback network is an
open circuit;
Output voltage is:
Vo AvV
V fb vVo
Ri
By neglecting Rs due
to Rs
voltage
V Vi is:
V fb
V
; error
Av
Avf
Vi 1 v Av
o
Vi V V fb V v ( AvV )
Or
Vi
V
(1 v Av )
Input current
V
Vi
Ii
Ri Ri (1 v Av )
fb
V vVx
Or
Input current
Vx AvV Vx (1 v Av )
Ii
Ro
Rof
Vx
Ro
I x (1 v Av )
Ro
Vo
R2
Avf
1
Vi
R1
Feedback transfer
function; 1
R2
1
R1
Vo AvV
V Vi V fb
R1
R1 R2
V
Avf o
Vi 1
V fb
Vo
Av
Av
R1
R1 R2
R1
R1 R2
Vi V
Av
1 Av
Vo V
Equivalent circuit
Rif
AvV
R
1 2
R1
Vi
Vi
Ri (1 Av )
I i V / Ri
Example:
Calculate the feedback amplifier gain of
the circuit below for op-amp gain,
A=100,000; R1=200 and R2=1.8 k.
g m RE
r
RE
Vo
re
Avf
RE
Vi
1
1
g m RE
re
r
R
Av
g m RE E
re
r
Closed-loop input
resistance:
R r (1 g r ) R r 1
if
r g m RE
Output resistance:
r
RE
Rof RE
(1 g m r )
g m RE
r
31
Shunt Series
Configuration
Ai
Aif
1 i Ai
32
Shunt Series
Configuration
33
Shunt Series
Configuration
if Ri Rs then I i I
then the output is a short circuit; output
current is:
I o Ai I
I fb i I o
I i I I fb
Io
Ai
Aif
I i 1 i Ai
34
Shunt Series
Configuration
Input Resistance, Rif
I i I I fb I i ( Ai I )
Or
Ii
I
(1 i Ai )
Input current
I i Ri
Vi I Ri
(1 i Ai )
I I fb I i I x 0
I i I x
Vx ( I x Ai I ) Ro
Vx I x Ai ( i I x ) Ro
Vx I x (1 i Ai ) Ro
Rof
Vx
Ro 1 i Ai
Ix
Vo I fb RV
I i RF
F virtually
assume
1
ground;
I 1 Vo / R1
Current I1:
R
I o I fb I1 I i 1 F
R1
Output current:
Io
RF
Ai
1
Ii
R1
Ideal current
gain:
Ai is open-loop
current
I I i ' Igain
fb I i I fb
I o Ai I Ai ( I i I fb )
RF
1
R1
and
Assume
VoV1 isI fbvirtually
RF
ground:
RF
Vo
I current:
I1 I fb
1
R1
R1
Output current
RF
I o I fb I1 I fb I fb
R1
Io
Amplifier gain:
current
I o / I Again:
i
RL
Ifb
Ii
Closed-loop
Aif
Io
Ai
I i 1 1 Ai
RL
Ii
RE
Io
RC
Ii
RE
V-
V+
Aif
Io
Ii
g m r
Ai
r
r
1
g m r 1
Ai
RE
RE
Io
RC
40
Series Series
Configuration
Agf
Ag
1 g Ag
41
Series Series
Configuration
42
Series Series
Configuration
I o AgV
V fb z I o
Vi V V fb
Ag
Io
Agf
Vi 1 z Ag
43
Series Series
Configuration
Input Resistance, Rif
Vi V V fb V z ( AgV )
Or
Vi
V
(1 z Ag )
Input current
V
Vi
Ii
Ri Ri (1 z Ag )
I I fb I z I x 0
I z I x
Vx ( I x Ag I ) Ro
Vx I x Ag ( z I x ) Ro
I x (1feedback
z Ag ) Ro
RV
ofx with
Rof
Vx
Ro 1 z Ag
Ix
44
Series Series
Configuration
45
Series Series
Configuration
Io
1
Agf
Vi RE
46
Series Series
Configuration
Io
fb
RE
g m r I b g m r AgV
V Vi V fb Vi I o RE
I o g m r Ag Vi I o RE
g m r Ag
Io
Agf
Vi 1 g m r Ag RE
47
Series Series
Configuration
48
Series Series
Configuration
RC
I o ( g mV )
RC RL
V fb
g mV RE
r
Vi V V fb V
1 g m RE
r
RC
g m
RC RL
Io
Agf
Vi
1
1 g m RE
r
Az
Azf
1 z Az
Vo Az I
I i I I fb
Vo
Az
Azf
I i 1 g Az
I i I I fb I g ( Az I )
Or
Ii
I
(1 g Az )
Input current
I i Ri
Vi I Ri
(1 g Az )
fb
V gVx
Or
Input current
Vx AzV Vx (1 g Az )
Ii
Ro
Ro
Vx
Ro
Rof
I x (1 g Az )
Vo I fb R2
where I fb I i
Vo
Azf
R2
Input current
I i splits between feedback current and
error current.
Shunt output connection samples the output
voltage feedback current is function of output
voltage.
Az is open-loop
transresistance
gain factor (-ve
value)
V
A I A I I
o
where I fb Vo / R2
Az
Vo
Azf
Az
Ii
1
R2
fb
Vo
Vo V
g mV
0
RC
RF
V V Vo
Ii
r
RF
1
1
Vo
RC RF
Vo
Azf
Ii
1
1
1
Vo
g m
I i
0
RF
RF
r RF
g m
RF
1
1 1
1 1
1
g m
RC RF r RF RF
RF
RC
1
r
Multiply by (rRC)
Vo
Azf
Ii
g m r RC
Assume RC <<RF
& r<< RF
Vo
Azf
Ii
RC
RF
Az
r RC
Az
RF
r 1
r RC
Az
RF RF
RF
1 Az
RF
Feedback Amplifier
59
Feedback Amplifier
60