THERMOCHEMISTRY

ergy Changes in Chemical Reactions

1. Energy changes occur in almost all chemical reactions.
2. There are two kinds of chemical reactions that undergo
changes in heat. They are:
a) Exothermic reactions
b) Endothermic reactions

Exothermic Reaction
1. Chemical reaction that release heat into its
surroundings.
2. The total energy contained in the product is less than
that of the reactants.
3. Heat energy is released from the reactant into the
surroundings to increase.
4. The reaction mixture becomes hot, so does the container
that holds it.
5. The rise in temperature can be felt by hand. A
thermometer can be used to measure the rise in
temperature

Example:
Reaction between metal carbonates with dilute acid:
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)
Neutralisation reaction between acid and alkali:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O()
Reaction between water and reactive metal oxide:
K2O(s) + H2O() 2KOH(aq)
Reaction between alkali metals (Group 1 element) and water:
2Na(s) + 2H2O() 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Dilution of concentrated acid:
H2SO4() H2SO4(aq)
Reaction between reactive metals (Mg/Al/Zn/Fe) and diluted acid:
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2 (g)
Combustion of fuel in excess oxygen:
C2H4(g) + 3O2 2CO2(g) + 2H2O()


Rusting
of iron:
4Fe(OH)2(s) + O2(g) 4Fe(OH)3(s) + 2H2O()
Action of water on anhydrous copper(II) sulphate:
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O() CuSO4.5H2O(s)
Crystallisation of molten sodium thiosulphate:
Na2S2O3() Na2S2O3(s)
Displacement reaction of metal drom its salt solution:
Zn(s) + CuCl2(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
Dissolving Group 1 hydroxides in water:
2Na(s) + 2H2O() 2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)

Endothermic Reaction
1. An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that
absorbs heat from the surroundings.
2. The total energy contained in the products is more than
that of the reactants.
3. Heat energy is absorbed by the reactants form the
surroundings, causing the surroundings temperature to
drop.
4. The reaction mixture becomes cold, so does the container
that holds it.
5. The reduction in temperature can be detected by hand or
by using a thermometer

Example:
Reaction between sodium hydrogen carbonate and dilute hydrochloric
acid:
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O() + CO2(g)
Dissolving ammonium salts in water:
NH4NO3(s) NH4NO3(aq)
Dissolving potassium salts like potassium nitrate in water:
KNO3(s) KNO3(aq)
Decomposition of carbonate salts by heat:
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Decomposition of nitrate salts by heat
2Cu(NO3)2(s) 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Action of heat on hydrated copper(II) sulphate:
CuSO4.5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O()
Dissolving sodium thiosulphate crystals in water:
Na2S2O3(s) Na2S2O3(aq)


Energy
Level Diagram
1. The energy level diagram is a graph that shows the energy change
of a chemical reaction.
2. The energy level diagram shows the energy content of the
reactants and products of a reaction.
3. The energy change that occurs in a reaction depends on the energy
content within the reactants and its products. Energy change can
be represented by the symbol (Delta H).
4. is the difference between the energy of the reactants and the
energy of the products.

= Energy of the products Energy of the

reactants

5. If the energy content in the reactants exceed the energy content in

the products, then is negative. Negative occurs in exothermic
reactions.
Exothermic reaction
H negative
6. Exothermic reactions have negative values because the reactants
have lost (given off) energy to the surroundings. The products
contain less energy as compared to the reactants.

7. If the energy content of the reactants is less than the energy content
of the products, then positive. Positive occurs in endothermic
reactions.
Endothermic reaction
positive
8. Endothermic reactions have positive values because the reactants
have absorbed energy from the surroundings. The products have
higher energy content as compared to the reactants.

9. The information that can be obtained from an energy level diagram

includes:
(a)Heat energy change value.
(b)Energy content of the reactants which is higher or lower than the
energy
content of the products.
(c)The reactions that occur will result in a rise or a fall in temperature.
10.The chemical equation that includes is called the thermochemical
equation. Example:
Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) =-220 kJ

Relationship between energy change with the formation and breaking of

chemical bonds
1. When chemical reactions occur, heat energy might be absorbed or
released.
2. Heat energy is absorbed when chemical bonds in a compound are
broken.
3. On the other hand, heat energy is released when chemical bonds in a
compound are formed.
4. In an exothermic reaction, the energy that is released from the
formation of bonds exceeds the energy required to break the bonds.

Exothermic

reaction ( negative)

Endothermic

reaction ( positive)

In an endothermic reaction, the energy that is needed to break

the bonds exceeds the energy that is released during bond
formation (positive ).

Application of exothermic and endothermic reactions.

1. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are applied in the making of
hot and cold packs.
2. Figure below briefly shows the principle behind the making of hot and
cold packs.

Making of hot packs and cold packs

The hot or cold packs contain two plastic bags.

The outer plastic bag is made of a strong thick plastic and is filled with
chemical powder.
The inner plastic bag is made of weaker thin plastic that contains
water.
When the beg is punched, the inner plastic bag will break open. The
water inside will then mix with and dissolve the chemical powder,
causing the solution to become either very hot or cold.
Hot packs

Cold packs

The chemicals that are suitable for

use to produce an exothermic
reaction when mixed with water are:
Dry copper(II) sulphate
Dry potassium chloride
magnesium chloride
calcium chloride
magnesium sulphate

The chemicals that are suitable for use to

provide an endothermic reaction when
mixed with water are:
ammonium nitrate
potassium nitrate
sodium thiosulphate

1. Hot packs are widely used by mountain climber or explorer to areas with
a cold climate to warm their hands and feet.
2. Cold packs are widely used by athletes to help them reduce pain in
swellings that results from sporting injuries.

Heat Of Neutralization
Heat of neutralization

Is the heat energy released when one mole of water is

formed from the neutralization between one mole of
hydrogen ions, H+ from an acid and one mole of hydroxide
ions, OH- from an alkali.

Energy change = mc
In which,
m = the mass of the aqueous reaction mixture
c = the specific heat capacity of the aqueous reaction mixture
= the change in temperature

Heat Of Neutralization
Determining the heat of neutralisation between a strong acid
and a strong alkali

1. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide is measured

using a 100 ml measuring cylinder and poured into a
plastic cup.
2. The initial temperature of the sodium hydroxide is
determined using a thermometer.
3. The measuring cylinder is washed with water and then
rinsed with the hydrochloric acid solution.
4. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is measured
using a 100 ml measuring cylinder. Its initial
temperature is recorded.
5. The HCl solution is then poured into the NaOH solution.
6. The mixture is stirred and the maximum temperature
attained is recorded.

Heat Of Neutralization
Determining the heat of neutralisation between a strong acid
and a strong alkali
Initial temperature of NaOH solution =
28.0 oC
Initial temperature of HCl solution
=
o
28.0 C
Maximum temperature of mixture
=
41.4 oC
Calculation
Energy Level Diagram
1. Average initial temperature of reactants is = 28 oC
Rise in temperature during reaction is (41.4 - 28) = 13.4 oC.
2. Heat given out during reaction is mc
= (50 + 50)(4.2)
(13.4) Joule
= 5628 J
2.0 50= 5.628 kJ
3. Number of moles of NaOH used =
= 0.1 mole
1000
4. 0.1 mole of NaOH reacts with 0.1
mole of HCl releases 5.628
kJ of heat.
Therefore if 1 mole of reactants react, the heat energy
1
released is
0.1

x 5.628 kJ = 56.28 kJ.

Heat of neutralisation, H = -56.28 kJ mol-1
5. Ionic equation for reaction : H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(I)

Heat Of Neutralization
The heat of neutralisation involving a weak acid and a weak
alkali

A strong acid and a strong alkali ionizes completely in

water.
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
KOH(aq) K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
When these solutions are added together the only change
that occurs is the formation of water molecules.
K+OH-(aq) + H+Cl-(aq) K+Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
Hence the heat of neutralization is the heat released from
the formation of 1 mole of water and its value is
approximately 57.4 kJ mol-1.
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
H= -57.4 kJ mol-1
Hence the heat of neutralization of any strong acid and
strong alkali is the same. For example
Na+OH-(aq) + H+NO3-(aq)
Na+NO3-(aq) + H2O(l)
H=
-57.4 kJ mol-1

Heat Of Neutralization
The heat of neutralisation involving a weak acid and a weak
alkali
However when weak acids or alkalis are involved, the heat of
neutralization is lower than 57.4 kJ mol-1.
These weak acids or alkalis are partially dissociated in water.
Some energy is needed to break the -O-H bonds to release the
hydrogen ions or the hydroxide ions before they can react.
Thus the net heat change will be less than 57.4 kJ/mol. For
example the heat of neutralization of ethanoic acid and sodium
hydroxide is only 54 kJ mol-1.

Heat energy is required to

break this O-H bond before
the H+ can react with the OHto form water. Thus the net
heat change is less than 57
kJ mol .