Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CH 03
CH 03
Lecture Outline
3-2
Binomial Experiment
3-3
3-4
A soccer (or hockey) player may attempt to score multiple goals from multiple
shots. If he or she has a shooting success probability of 0.25 and takes 4 shots
in a match, then the number of goals he or she scores can be modeled as
B(4, 0.25); note that just as p represents the probability of any given shot
becoming a goal, 1 p representsdepending on how the model is set up and
which sport is chosenthe shot missing the net or the goalkeeper making the
save. The probability of the player scoring 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 goals on 4 shots are:
3-5
Sample
subset of items produced to use for
inspection
Control Charts
process is within statistical control
limits
3-6
Process Variability
Random
inherent in a process
depends on equipment
and machinery,
engineering, operator,
and system of
measurement
natural occurrences
Non-Random
special causes
identifiable and
correctable
include equipment out of
adjustment, defective
materials, changes in
parts or materials, broken
machinery or equipment,
operator fatigue or poor
work methods, or errors
due to lack of training
3-7
3-8
Quality Measures:
Attributes and Variables
Attribute
A characteristic which is evaluated with a discrete
response
good/bad; yes/no; correct/incorrect
Color, cleanliness, surface texture, taste or smell
Variable measure
A characteristic that is continuous and can be measured
Weight, length, voltage, volume
3-9
3-10
Grocery stores
waiting time to check out, frequency of out-of-stock items, quality
of food items, cleanliness, customer complaints, checkout
register errors
Airlines
flight delays, lost luggage & luggage handling, waiting time at
ticket counters & check-in, agent & flight attendant courtesy,
accurate flight information, cabin cleanliness & maintenance
3-11
Catalogue-order companies
order accuracy, operator knowledge & courtesy, packaging,
delivery time, phone order waiting time
Insurance companies
billing accuracy, timeliness of claims processing, agent
availability & response time
3-12
Control Charts
A graph that monitors process quality
Control limits
upper and lower bands of a control chart
Attributes chart
p-chart
c-chart
Variables chart
mean (x bar chart)
range (R-chart)
3-14
10
Sample number
3-15
Normal Distribution
3-16
Normal Distribution
Probabilities for Z= 2.00 and Z = 3.00
95%
99.74%
-3
-2
-1
=0
3-17
A Process Is in Control If
1. no sample points outside limits
2. most points near process average
3. about equal number of points above
and below centerline
4. points appear randomly distributed
3-18
c-chart
uses number of defects (non-conformities) in a
sample
3-19
p-Chart
UCL = p + zp
LCL = p - zp
z
p
p
=
number of standard deviations from process
average
=
sample proportion defective; estimates
process mean
= standard deviation of
proportion
p(1sample
- p)
p =
3-20
Construction of p-Chart
SAMPLE #
1
2
3
:
:
20
NUMBER OF
DEFECTIVES
PROPORTION
DEFECTIVE
6
0
4
:
:
18
200
.06
.00
.04
:
:
.18
3-21
Construction of p-Chart
p=
total defectives
total sample observations
UCL = p + z
p(1 - p)
= 0.10 + 3
n
0.10(1 - 0.10)
100
UCL = 0.190
LCL = p - z
p(1 - p)
= 0.10 - 3
n
0.10(1 - 0.10)
100
LCL = 0.010
3-22
Construction of p-Chart
0.20
UCL = 0.190
0.18
Proportion defective
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
p = 0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
LCL = 0.010
2
8
10
12
Sample number
14
16
18
20
3-23
p-Chart in Excel
Click on Insert then Charts
to construct control chart
I4 + 3*SQRT(I4*(1-I4)/100)
I4 - 3*SQRT(I4*(1-I4)/100)
3-24
c-Chart
UCL = c + zc
LCL = c - zc
c =
where
c = number of defects per sample
3-25
c-Chart
Number of defects in 15 sample rooms
SAMPLE
NUMBER
OF
DEFECTS
1
2
3
12
8
16
:
:
:
:
15
15
190
190
c=
= 12.67
15
UCL = c + zc
= 12.67 + 3
= 23.35
12.67
LCL = c - zc
= 12.67 - 3
= 1.99
12.67
3-26
c-Chart
24
UCL = 23.35
Number of defects
21
18
c = 12.67
15
12
9
6
LCL = 1.99
10
12
14
16
Sample number
3-27
3-28
x- 1 + x- 2 + ... + x- k
k
= process standard deviation
x = standard deviation of sample means =/ n
k = number of samples (subgroups)
n = sample size (number of observations)
3-29
x-
We know = .08
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3-30
3-31
UCL = x + A2R
LCL = x - A2R
where
=
x = average of the sample means
_
R = average range value
3-32
Control
Chart
Factors
Sample
Size
n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
A2
1.880
1.023
0.729
0.577
0.483
0.419
0.373
0.337
0.308
0.285
0.266
0.249
0.235
0.223
0.212
0.203
0.194
0.187
0.180
0.173
0.167
0.162
0.157
0.153
D3
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.076
0.136
0.184
0.223
0.256
0.283
0.307
0.328
0.347
0.363
0.378
0.391
0.404
0.415
0.425
0.435
0.443
0.452
0.459
D4
3.267
2.575
2.282
2.114
2.004
1.924
1.864
1.816
1.777
1.744
1.717
1.693
1.672
1.653
1.637
1.622
1.609
1.596
1.585
1.575
1.565
1.557
1.548
1.541
3-33
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.02
5.01
4.99
5.03
4.95
4.97
5.05
5.09
5.14
5.01
5.01
5.03
5.00
4.91
4.92
5.06
5.01
5.10
5.10
4.98
4.94
5.07
4.93
5.01
5.03
5.06
5.10
5.00
4.99
5.08
4.99
4.95
4.92
4.98
5.05
4.96
4.96
4.99
5.08
5.07
4.96
4.96
4.99
4.89
5.01
5.03
4.99
5.08
5.09
4.99
4.98
5.00
4.97
4.96
4.99
5.01
5.02
5.05
5.08
5.03
0.08
0.12
0.08
0.14
0.13
0.10
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.10
Totals 50.09
1.15
3-34
R
____
=
k
1.15
____
10 = 0.115
x
50.09
_____
=
___
x=
=
= 5.01 cm
10
k
_
=
UCL = x + A2R = 5.01 + (0.58)(0.115) = 5.08
=
3-35
x- bar
Chart
Example
5.10
5.08
UCL = 5.08
5.06
5.04
Mean
5.02
=
x = 5.01
5.00
4.98
4.96
4.94
LCL = 4.94
4.92
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
|
|
|
4
5
6
7
Sample number
|
8
|
9
|
10
3-36
R- Chart
UCL = D4R
R=
LCL = D3R
R
k
Where
R = range of each sample
k = number of samples (sub groups)
3-37
R-Chart Example
OBSERVATIONS (SLIP- RING DIAMETER, CM)
SAMPLE k
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.02
5.01
4.99
5.03
4.95
4.97
5.05
5.09
5.14
5.01
5.01
5.03
5.00
4.91
4.92
5.06
5.01
5.10
5.10
4.98
4.94
5.07
4.93
5.01
5.03
5.06
5.10
5.00
4.99
5.08
4.99
4.95
4.92
4.98
5.05
4.96
4.96
4.99
5.08
5.07
4.96
4.96
4.99
4.89
5.01
5.03
4.99
5.08
5.09
4.99
4.98
5.00
4.97
4.96
4.99
5.01
5.02
5.05
5.08
5.03
0.08
0.12
0.08
0.14
0.13
0.10
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.10
Totals 50.09
1.15
3-38
R-Chart Example
_
UCL = D4R = 2.11(0.115) = 0.243
_
LCL = D3R = 0(0.115) = 0
Retrieve chart factors D3 and D4
3-39
R-Chart Example
0.28
0.24
Range
0.20
0.16
0.12
UCL = 0.243
R = 0.115
0.08
0.04
0
LCL = 0
|
|
|
1
2
3
|
|
|
|
4
5
6
7
Sample number
|
8
|
9
|
10
3-40
3-41
3-42
Pattern test
determines if observations within limits of a control
chart display a nonrandom pattern
3-43
3-44
UCL
LCL
LCL
Sample observations
consistently below the
center line
Sample observations
consistently above the
center line
3-45
3-45
UCL
LCL
LCL
Sample observations
consistently increasing
Sample observations
consistently decreasing
3-46
UCL
Zone A
=
2 sigma = x + 2 (A2R)
3
Zone B
=
1 sigma = x + 1 (A2R)
3
Zone C
Process
average
=
x
Zone C
=
1 sigma = x - 1 (A2R)
3
Zone B
=
2 sigma = x - 2 (A2R)
3
Zone A
=
3 sigma = x - A2R
LCL
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
13
Sample number
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3-47
ABOVE/BELOW
UP/DOWN
ZONE
4.98
5.00
4.95
4.96
4.99
5.01
5.02
5.05
5.08
5.03
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
U
D
D
U
U
U
U
U
D
B
C
A
A
C
C
C
B
A
B
3-48
3-49
Process Capability
Compare natural variability to design variability
Natural variability
What we measure with control charts
Process mean = 8.80 oz, Std dev. = 0.12 oz
Tolerances
Design specifications reflecting product
requirements
Net weight = 9.0 oz 0.5 oz
Tolerances are 0.5 oz
3-50
Process Capability
3-51
Process Capability
3-52
tolerance range
process range
upper spec limit - lower spec limit
3-53
Computing Cp
3-54
Cpk = minimum
=
x - lower specification limit
3
3-55
Computing Cpk
Net weight specification = 9.0 oz 0.5 oz
Process mean = 8.80 oz
Process standard deviation = 0.12 oz
Cpk = minimum
= minimum
3-56
=(D6-D7)/(6*D8)
3-57
3-58
3-59