Dr. dr. H. Busjra M.

Nur, MSc
FKK UMJ

Hormones
Hormones are chemical signals that are used

for communication between cells.

Chemically, hormones are rather diverse
group of substances. They are derived from
metabolism of amino acids, polypeptide or
cholesterol (steroid).

Hormones
Binding of a hormone to its receptor and

activation of that receptor is the initial in

producing a hormone effect.
Some hormones act via second mesengers to
alter activity of reexisting proteins in target
cells.
Other hormones act by altering gene
expression in target cells to change the
amount of a few key proteins.

The general mechanism of action of hormones with membrane receptor

Illustration of coupling of membrane receptors to adenylate cyclase by the Gs and

Gi proteins.

Mechanism of action of hormones with intracellular receptors, effects on gene

expression, cell function might be altered.

Mechanism of action of aldosterone to increase sodium transport across kidney

tubule cells

Hormone :Amino acid

Thyroxine
Epinephrine
Melatonin

Hormone: Polypeptides
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
GH (growth hormone)
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Hormone: Steroids
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens
Progestins

Basic mechanisms of neural (a), endocrine (b) and neuroendocrine (c)

Neural and vascular connections between the hypothalamus and the

anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary.

The Pituitary Hormones

The pituitary consist of two main lobes

(anterior and posterior)

The hypothalamus serves to regulate
secretion from both lobes
The anterior pituitary secretes six different
hormone into the general circulation

The Pituitary Hormones

The posterior pituitary is a neuroendocrine

gland; it secretes two hormones and contains

the terminals of neuroendocrine cells, in the
hypothalamus
GH, affects skeletal growth, protein and
carbohydrates metabolism
TSH, regulates thyroid hormone production.
Thyroid hormone regulate metabolism in most
tissues in the body

Normal hand and acromegaly

The Thyroid Gland

Secretes /day

- T4 (thyroxine): 80 g
- T3 (triiodothyronine) 4 g

The Adrenal Glands

Consist of two distinct endocrine glands,

different hormone products.

Cells of adrenal cortex produce steroid
hormones, predominantly cortisol and
aldosterone.
Cortisol affects metabolism and generally
results in the release of stored fuels.
Aldosterone acts on the kidneys and
influences sodium and potassium balance in
the body.

The Adrenal Glands

The adrenal medulla functions as part of the

sympathetic nervous system and secretes

primarily epinephrine.
Epinephrine affects the cardiovascular and
pulmonary systems and a variety of
metabolic processes in the body.
The net effect of the adrenal hormones
cortisol and epinephrine is to increase the
bodys ability to effectively respond to
stress.

The Endocrine Pancreas

Produces insulin and glucagon, major roles in

regulating fuel homeostasis in both the fed

and fasted states
Insulin is secreted primarily in response to an
increased blood glucose level. Glucagon is
secreted in response to a decreased v\blood
glucose level.
Insulin directs the storage of excess nutrients
in the form of glycogen, triacylglycerols, and
protein. The major tissue targets of insulin
are liver, muscle and adipose tissue.

The Endocrine Pancreas

Glucagon directs the movement of stored

nutrients into the blood stream. Liver is the

primary physiological target of glucagon.
In the fed stated, the actions of insulin
predominate in tissues, and nutrients are
stored. In the fasted state, the actions of
glucagon predominate, and stored nutrients
are mobilized.
Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is a
deficiency in insulin action as a result of
either an impairment in insulin secretion or
an impairment in its target tissues.

Pineal gland and Circadian

rhythms
Secretes hormone melatonin
Melatonin keep the bodys inherent circadian

rhythms in synchrony with the light-dark

cycle.

Melatonin
Circadian timekeeping
Induce natural sleep
Antioxidant
Slow aging process
Enhance immunity

References
Rhoades R, Pflanzer R. Human Physiology. 4 th

ed.
Ganong WF. Review of medical physiology.
22th ed.
Sherwood L. Human Physiology, from cells to
system. 5 th ed.