Lecture #1: History of

telecommunications.
Terminal Complex

Contents

Historical Remarks2

Terminal Complex10 Architecture10

Communication components and11
media

12

Transmission methods and modes

1960 - beer barrel + sausage

skin + knitting needle

History Remarks

1813 Telegraph Gauss&Weber

1861 Telephone Reis
1876 Telephone Bell (Bell System)
1877 First Finnish telephone connection
in Helsinki
1878 Microphone Edison (General
Electric)
First Telephone Exchange in New Haven,
USA
1865/6 Transatlantic Cables
2

History Remarks

1884 Radio Telegraph Popov

1892 First Automatic Telephone
Exchange in La Porte USA
by Strowger
1896 Radio Telegraph Marconi
1898 First Automatic Telephone
Exchange in Germany
1918 Radio Carrier System /USA
1920 Radio Broadcasting
3

History Remarks

1927 TV Bell Labs

1929 TV BBC

1930 Coaxial cables

1931 Radiolinks

1937 PCM (64kbps) Reeves (Bell

Labs)

1946 Cellular Radio (Bell Labs)

1947 Transistor (Bell Labs)

History Remarks

1957 Satellite data transmission

1961 Electronic Telephone Exchange

(Bell Labs)

1968 Digital Telephone Exchange GB

1969 ISDN (Integrated Services

Digital Network 2x64k+16k)

1970 Aloha-network (Hawaii)

5

History Remarks

1974 Packet and Circuit Switched

data networks (CCITT X.25 and
X.21)

1974 Arpanet/ Internet DoD/USA

1976 Optical Fiber in data

transmission

1977 Ethernet 10Mbps Xerox

1978 ISO/OSI + CCITT x.200

History Remarks

1972 Mobile Networks ARP

1981 Mobile Networks NMT Nordisk

MobilTelefon

1984 MHS (Message Handling System)

CCITT/ISO

ODA (Open Document Architecture) CCITT/ISO

1984 Intelligent Networks (AIN Series) Bellcore

1987 GSM (Groupe Special Mobile, CEPT) Global System for Mobile Communications
7

History Remarks

1989 HTTP/HTML in Cern by Tim Barners-Lee

1991 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode 155

Mb/s)

1991 IN CS.1 (Intelligent Networks) by ITU and

ETSI

1994 WWW (World Wide Web)

1998 GPRS (General Packet Radio System)

2001 UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunication System)
8

Global Telecom Markets

109(billions) USD
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

Systems
Services

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Terminal Complex

First computer telecommunication

systems - early 60s: local multi-user
systems - terminal complex
Classical Terminal Complex - shares
computer resources among closely
located users via telecommunication1 lines
Computer configuration (CPU / RAM / Channel
(usually phone line))
Transmission medium:

wires/cables: pairs or cable set of pairs; twisted

pairs for reduction of signal interference; coaxial
cables (noise11shield)
10

Terminal Complex

Information transmission methods:

Synchronous: byte-stream forming data
blocks, synchronization based on

additional signals in control lines

synchro-symbols in the front and in the end of
the block
advantage: higher speed, less communication overload
drawback: more complicated hardware, buffer memory
application: high speed communication

Asynchronous: 1 start impulse and 1 or 2 stop

impulse; clock frequency is higher than the
read-write frequency (access instants)

advantage: no buffering, simple synchronization circuit

drawback: communication overload (30%)
application: slow terminals in short distance

11

Terminal Complex

Information transmission modes:

Terminal complexes use mostly
phone/telegraph lines on
switched lines: use the public exchange
by dialed access from point to point

advantage: chipper
drawback: slower, noisy
application: smaller traffic

leased lines: fixed lines for monopoly use

from point to point; connection line is
owned of local PTT company

advantage: reliable error-free, faster, promptness

drawback: price
application: bigger traffic
12

Terminal Complex
Standard Interface
usually bus of 30-60 signal lines
physical parameters: line length; signal
parameters (amplitude, frequency, working
mode: monopoly, multiplex, block-multiplex);
multiplexors number

Multiplexor:
transforms parallel (byte) stream from terminals
to sequential (bit) stream for the channel
interface
addressing the terminals - 2 methods: cycle timedriven or event driven selection
error control
same functions in opposite direction (from
13
channel to terminals)

Terminal Complex
Terminals: user interface device for
input/output of text data in local distance
to the computer system. Includes:
2
input device (keyboard, punch card readers...)
output device (monitor, printer )
data buffers
error correction module
other control and interface devices

Terminal types:
local and remote terminals
direct, indirect and special access

14

Terminal Complex

Modems (signal
MODulator/DEModulator) phone line
transmission with digital to analog and
analog to digital conversion
Structure and components:
2

Modulator (data input)

Demodulator (data output)
Filter (frequency separator)
Linear Amplifier

Modulation types
AM
FM
PhM

4
15

Little FUN (made in

Finland)

Today topic
Which is the best
position:
being first
being last
being in the middle

Introduction
- Do you sell color TV sets in this shop?
- Yes, for sure. Mister?
- OK than, give me one yellow TV, please

17

Conclusion and final remarks

- Doctor, honestly speaking, do you think
your cure can recover me
- Undoubtedly. According statistics the exit
of your disease is 99% death and 1%
recovering. And you are, my dear exactly
my hundred patient with this problem. All
the previous 99 are deceased.
18

Terminal complex
I/O system

I/O interface

CPU
I/O channel

Multiplexor

RAM
Modem

Telephone
exchange
T

Modem

Modem

Modem

Modem

...

Modem
Terminal

Link
channels

Link channels

Modem

Modem

Modem

back

19

Modulations

20