Engineering Circuit Analysis

CH8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
8.2 Use of Symmetry

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
- Most of the functions of a circuit are periodic functions
- They can be decomposed into infinite number of sine and
cosine functions that are harmonically related.
- A complete responds of a forcing function =

sup erpositon

Partial response to each harmonics.

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series

Harmonies: Give a cosine function v1 t 2 cos w0t

w
f:
f 0
2
1 2
T:
T
f w0
- w0 : fundamental frequency ( v1 t is the fundamental wave form)
- Harmonics have frequencies

w0 ,
Freq. of the 1st
harmonics
(=fund. freq)

2 w0 ,

3w0 ,

Freq. of the 2nd

harmonics

4 w0 ,
Freq. of the 3rd
harmonics

Freq. of the 4th

harmonics

vn t an cos nw0t

Amplitude of the nth harmonics

(amplitude of the fundamental wave form)

Freq. of the nth

harmonics

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
Example

Fundamental: v1 = 2cosw0t

v3a = cos3w0t

v3b = 1.5cos3w0t

v3c = sin3w0t

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
- Fourier series of a periodic function
Given a periodic function f ( t ) : f ( t ) = f ( t + T )

f t can be represented by the infinite series as

f t a 0 a1 cos w0t a2 cos 2w0t

b1 sin w0t b2 sin 2 w0t

a 0 an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t

n 1

a0 ?
an ?
bn ?

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
Example 12.1

Vm cos 5t , 0.1 t 0.1

0, 0.1 t 0.3

Given a periodic function V t

It is knowing

Vm
a0

Vm
a1
2

n 1

n
2Vm cos 2
an
1 n2

It can be seen 0 5 , we can evaluate

b0 0

2Vm
2Vm
2Vm
a

0
a

a3 0
5
a2
4
6
15

35
3
Vm Vm
2Vm
2Vm
V t

cos 5t
cos10t
cos 20t

2
3
15
2V
m cos 30t
35

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
-Review of some trigonometry integral observations
(a)

(c)

(d)

sin nw0tdt 0

(b)

cos nw0tdt 0

1 T
sin kw0t cos nw0tdt sin k n w0t sin k n w0t dt 0
2 0

sin kw0t sin nw0tdt

(e)

sin kw0t cos nw0tdt

1 T
1 T
cos k n w0t cos k n w0t dt cos k n w0t cos k n w0t dt
2 0
2 0
T , if k n
T , if k n
2

2
0, if k n
0, if k n

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
-Evaluations of a0 , an , bn

f t dt

a0

a 0 dt

a
n 1

cos nw0t bn sin nw0t dt

Based on (a) (b)

T

a
0

n 1

cos nw0t bn sin nw0t dt 0

1
a0
T

( a0 is also called the DC component of f t )

f t dt
T

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series

an

f t cos kw tdt
T

Based on (c)

b
n 1

n 1

a
n 1

cos nw0t cos kw0tdt

sin nw0t cos kw0tdt

sin nw0t cos kw0tdt 0

When k=n

a 0 cos kw0tdt 0

Based on (e)

a 0 cos kw0tdt

Based on (b)

an cos nw0t cos kw0tdt

n 1

2 T
an f t cos nw0tdt
T 0

T
an
2

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series

bn

f t sin kw tdt
T

Based on (c)

n 1

a
n 1

cos nw0t sin kw0tdt

sin nw0t sin kw0tdt

a 0 sin kw0tdt 0

n 1

cos nw0t sin kw0tdt 0

When k=n

Based on (d)

a 0 sin kw0tdt

Based on (a)

bn sin nw0t sin kw0tdt

n 1

2 T
bn f t sin nw0tdt
T 0

T
bn
2

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.1 Fourier Series
Harmonic
amplitude

v1
v2
v3
v4
v5
v6
v7

vn an2 bn2

f (Hz )
f 0 2 f 03 f 0 4 f 05 f 0 6 f 0 7 f 0

Phase spectrum

an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t an2 bn2 cos nw0t n

bn
n tan
an
1

f 0 2f 0 3f 0 4f 0 5f 0 6f 0 7f 0

f (Hz )

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.2 Use of Symmetry
- Depending on the symmetry (odd or even), the Fourier series can
be further simplified.
Even Symmetry

f t f t

Observation: rotate the function curve along f t axis, the curve

t
will overlap with the curve on the other halff of
.
Example : f t cos wt
Odd Symmetry

f t f t

Observation: rotate the function curve along the t axis, then along
the f t axis, the curve will overlap with the curve on the other
half .
f t sin wt
Example :

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.2 Use of Symmetry
Symmetry Algebra
(a) odd func. =odd func. even func.
Example:

sin 2t
= sin t cos t
2

(b) even func. =odd func. odd func.

Example: 1 - cos 2t
= sin t sin t
2
(c) even func. =even func. even func.
Example: cos 2t + 1

= cos t cos t

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.2 Use of Symmetry
(d) even func. =const. + even func. (No odd func.)
2
2
Example: cos 2t = 2 cos t - 1 = 1 - 2 sin t

(e) odd func. =odd func.

Example:

sin ( t + ) = sin t cos + cos t sin

odd func.

odd func.

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.2 Use of Symmetry
Apply the symmetry algebra to analyze the Fourier series.

f t a 0 an cos nw0t bn sin nw0t

n 1

If

f t is an even function b 0
n

f t a 0 an cos nw0t
If

n 1

f t is an odd function an 0

a0 0

f t bn sin nw0t
n 1

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.2 Use of Symmetry
Half-wave symmetry

T
T
f(t) = -f(t ) or f(t) = -f(t + )
2
2

Ch8 Fourier Circuit Analysis

8.2 Use of Symmetry
Fourier series:

4T

f t cos nw0tdt
an T
0
0

4T

f t sin nw0tdt
bn T
0
0

n is odd
n is even
n is odd
n is even