Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Linear Measurements
Linear Measurements
Group no-7
Leader- Singh Pritish
Dholariya Jigar 62
Sanghani Anuj 63
Chadmiya Keval64
Aal Vinod 65
Patel Vikrant
51
Prasad Om Prakash
Roll no.
61
86
METHODS OF LINEAR
MEASUREMNENT
APPROXIMATE METHODS
CHAIN SURVEYING
CHAIN
TAPES
RANGING RODS
METHODS USED IN CHAIN
SURVEYING
PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN
SURVEYING
SELECTION OF CHAIN
SURVEYING
OFFSETS
ERRORS
TYPES OF ERRORS
SOURCE OF ERRORS
Pacing.
Passometer.
Pedometer.
Odometer.
Speedometer.
Measuring Wheel.
Speedometer
pedometer
odometer
Measuring wheel
passometer
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Chains
Tapes
Arrows
Ranging Rods and Offset Rod
Pegs
Plumb- bob
Metric chain
Gunters chain or Surveyors chain
Engineers chain
Revenue chain
Steel band or Band chain
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1) Survey Stations:
(a) Main stations
(b) Subsidiary stations
(c) tie stations
2) Main survey lines
3) Base line
4) Check line
5) Tie-line
Chaining
Ranging
Offsetting
b
x
c
y
z
D = (lh)
1)
2)
Indirect Ranging
1)
2) Oblique offsets:
Oblique distance is always greater than
perpendicular distance. All the offsets which are
not taken at right angle to chain line are known as
above.
Optical square.
Indian optical square.
Open cross staff.
Prism square.
1)
2)
Instrumental Errors
Natural errors
Personal errors
If chain is too
long
If chain is too
small
Measured
distance will
be less.
Correction:
positive
Measured
distance will
be more.
Correction:
negative
Corrections
Corrections
Corrections
Corrections
Corrections
for
for
for
for
for
absolute length
temperature
pull
sag
slope