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Day 9 Routing
Day 9 Routing
Routing
The process that a router uses to forward packets
toward the destination network.
A router makes this decision based on the destination
IP address
If dynamic routing is used, routers have to learn
routes from other routers.
If static routing is used, the administrator configures
this information into the router manually
So, you might say that updates to a routing table
are made by the administrator.
Outgoing
interface
Administrative
distance of 1 default
Next hop
interface
Administrative
distance of 1 default
Administrative Distance
What is the default for a outgoing interface?
What is the default for the next-hop address?
Defaults can always be changed.
Just make it higher if you want it to be a
backup route (lower numbers are preferred)
ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.188.4.1 120
S0 192.168.2.1/24
Router A
S0 192.168.4.1/24
Router B
S1 192.168.2.2/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
Router C
S1 192.168.4.2/24
192.168.5.0/24
show
show
show
show
interfaces
interface s0
interface s1
ip interface brief
Routed protocols
are protocols that
are routed over an
Internetwork (IP,
AppleTalk, IPX)
Routing protocols
use algorithms to
route routed
protocols through
the Internetwork
(RIP, IGRP, OSPF)
Convergence
When all routers in an Internetwork are operating with the
same knowledge, the Internetwork is said to have
converged.
Fast convergence is desirable because it reduces the
period of time in which routers would continue to make
incorrect routing decisions.
In routers that use dynamic routing protocols, it is
important to have fast convergence because routers could
make incorrect forwarding decisions until the network has
fully converged.
A network has converged when the routers in the network
are operating with consistent routing knowledge.
S0
S0
Router A
E0
192.168.1.0/24
Router B
S1
E0
192.168.3.0/24
Router C
S1
E0
192.168.5.0/24
Neighbor to
neighbor
ONLY
Link-state Routing
Shortest Path First (SPF)
Flood routing information about its OWN links
Analyze incoming routing update messages
If the message indicates that a network change has
occurred, the routing software recalculates routes
and sends out new routing update messages
These messages permeate the network, stimulating
routers to rerun their algorithms and change their
routing tables accordingly.
After the initial flood, it passes small eventtriggered updates to all other routers
Link-State Concerns
Processor overhead
Memory requirements (use more router resources
initially when flooding info)
Bandwidth Consumption on initial flood
Routing Decisions
The router uses the
network portion of the
address to choose the
best path
Router switches the
packet to the best port
for forwarding using
path determination