IPED COAL POWER CONFERENCE

Coal Generation
Technology Options
Pay Your Money and Take
Your Choice

January 18-19, 2007 St. Petersburg, FL

presented by
Richard Gendreau, P.E.
R. W. Beck, Inc.

The Coal Paradox

On

the One Hand:

Abundant
>250
95%

years of reserves in the U.S.

of U.S. fossil fuel reserves

Relatively

On

cheap

the Other Hand:

Capital-intensive
Higher

emissions than other fossil fuels

Coal: Villain or Savior?

Its reality! Deal with it!
Poland

95%

Greece

62%

South Africa

93%

Germany

52%

India

78%

USA

50%

Australia

77%

Denmark

47%

China

76%

UK

33%

Czech
Republic

67%

EU15(1)

27%

(1) EU15: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom

800-Pound Gorilla Carbon Emissions

CO2 Abatement from Coal

Carbon
Dioxide
Reduction
Carbon Capture
and Storage (CCS)
Track 2

TRACK 2

- 95%

Increased Efficiency,
Biomass Cofiring, etc.
Track 1

- 60%
TRACK 1
- 23%
Baseline
Possible
Now

Medium Term
2010

Long Term
2020

Time

Coal Generation Technology Options

PC

and CFB Technologies

Subcritical
Supercritical
Ultra-Supercritical

Oxyfuel
IGCC

Combustion

Comparing Technology Efficiencies

HHV or Higher Heating Value (U.S., Australia)

LHV or Lower Heating Value (Europe, Asia)

LHV

Efficiencies are 5% to 10% Higher

than HHV

Other
3%

Factors

to 5% point difference between U.S.

and Europe

Pulverized Coal and

CFB Technologies

Modern Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plant

Drum and Once-Through Type Boilers

Subcritical Coal-Fired Power Plants

Mostly Drum Type Boilers in U.S. and

Once-Through Type Boilers in Europe

Lowest Capital and O&M Costs

Flexible Operation

High Availability

Net Plant Efficiency (HHV) 35% to 37% (9,800

to 9,200 Btu/kWh)

Increasing Cycle Efficiency

47

5000/1400/1400/1400

45

Efficiency, %, HHV

5000/1300/1300/1300

USC

5000/1200/1200/1200

4000/1110/1150

Today

40

3500/1050/1050

37
1000

SC

2400/1050/1050
1200

SH Steam Temperature, F

1400

Impact of Efficiency on CO2 Emissions

Percent Reduction
CO2 Reduction

Modern Supercritical Boilers

High Efficiency (38% to 41%)

Lower Fuel Costs

Low Specific Emissions (lb/kWh)

Variable (sliding) Pressure Operation to

Low Loads

Good Steam Temperature Control Over

the Load Range

Rapid Load Change and Startup

FOF Similar to Subcritical (~4%)

Ultra-Supercritical Technology
No

Clear Definition, 4350 psia, 1112

F/1112 F (300 bar, 600 C/600 C)

Possible

Efficiencies up to 46 Percent
and Higher

Ongoing

Materials Research and

Development

High

Nickel Alloys Will Be Required

and Will Significantly Increase Cost

CFB Technology

CFB Technology is Mature

Fully Commercial Technology

Over 500 Units Worldwide

Units in Service for Over 28 Years

300 MWe Units in Service

460 MWe Supercritical Unit in Construction

Single 600 MWe Unit With Full Commercial

Guarantees Being Offered

Subcritical and Supercritical Cycles

Demonstrated High Availability

Oxyfuel Combustion
Technology

Oxyfuel Combustion

Integrated Gasification
Combined-Cycle
Technologies

Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle

2C+ O2 2CO
2H2O 2H2+ O2
H2+ S H2S
2H2S+O2 2H2O +
2S

Advantages of IGCC Compared to SC PC

Efficiencies Comparable to Current

Supercritical PC Technologies

Somewhat Lower Air Emissions

Lower Water Consumption

Lower Solid Waste

Potential to Capture CO2 at Lower Cost

Potential for Polygeneration Including

Production of Fertilizer and Transportation
Fuels

IGCC Power Market Challenges

Unfamiliar Technology to Power Industry:

Chemical Plant, not Combustion Boiler
Higher Capital and Operating Costs
Standard Designs and Guarantee Packages
not yet Fully Developed
Reluctance to Assume Technology Risks
Lingering Availability/Reliability Concerns
Questions About Feasibility and Cost Using
Low-rank Coals, Particularly PRB and Lignite
The 800-lb. Gorilla May Help to Change these
Perceptions

Efficiency of Current Coal Technologies

CFB (1)

Subcritical PC (1)
IGCC (1)
Supercritical PC (1)
Future IGCC
USC

1. Bituminous Coal

Clean Coal Is Not an Oxymoron!

Dramatically Reduced Emissions!
Removal Efficiency
PC & CFB

IGCC

SO2

98 to 99%

>99%

NOx

>97%

>99%

ROx

>99.5%

>99.5%

Hg

80 to 95%

95 to 99%

Metals

>99%

>99%

Carbon
Capture

Under
Development

Proven

Escalating Power Plant Costs

Recent 700 MWe Supercritical Coal Project $1,800 to $2,000/ kWh

AEP Announced They are Searching for

Ways to Reduce the Costs of Two 600-MW
IGCC Plants It Wants to Build in Ohio & West
Virginia. AEP had Placed Tentative Price Tags
of $1.2 Billion to $1.3 Billion Each on the Two
Plants, but a Long-awaited Study Found
Project Costs Greatly Exceeded Previous
Estimates.

Summary

The 800-Pound Gorilla is Driving Greater

Interest and Development in Supercritical
and Ultra-supercritical PC, IGCC, Oxyfuel,
Carbon Capture and Other Technologies

Supercritical Technology is a Well Proven,

Low-risk Technology with Efficiencies
Approaching 41 Percent (8,300 Btu/kWh)
Today with Bituminous Coals

Developments in New Materials are

Expected to Increase USC Cycle
Efficiencies above 45 Percent (<7,500
Btu/kWh) in the Coming Years

Summary

Gasification and Related Processes Have

Been Used Successfully for Decades in the
Process and Petrochemical Industries

The COE from Currently Offered IGCC

Technology is Generally Estimated to be
10% to 20% Higher than the COE from PC.
This Difference is Greater with Low Ranked
Coals, Such as, PRB and Lignite.

Broad Acceptance of IGCC Technology in

the Power Industry Awaits the Completion
and Operation of Currently Planned IGCC
Projects.

Summary

Carbon Capture from Coal Gasification

Derived Syngas is Commercially Mature

Oxyfuel and Other Technologies are Under

Development to Reduce the Cost of
Carbon Capture from PC and CFB
Technologies

But at What Cost?!!!!!

The 800-Pound Gorilla?

IPED COAL POWER CONFERENCE

Questions

Richard Gendreau, P.E.

R. W. Beck, Inc.
rgendreau@rwbeck.com
(508) 935-1810

Gasification Basics

Gasification Basics