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A2 Chapter 14 Oscillation
A2 Chapter 14 Oscillation
A2 Chapter 14 Oscillation
Oscillations
A2
Mr. Chong Kwai Kun
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe simple examples of free oscillations
(b) investigate the motion of an oscillator using experimental and
graphical methods
(c) understand and use the terms amplitude, period, frequency,
angular frequency and phase difference and express the period
in terms of both frequency and angular frequency
(d) recognise and use the equation a = 2x as the defining
equation of simple harmonic motion
(e) recall and use x = x0sint as a solution to the equation a = 2x
(f) recognise and use v = v0cos t, v = ( )
(g) describe, with graphical illustrations, the changes in
displacement, velocity and acceleration during simple harmonic
motion
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(h) describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy
during simple harmonic motion
(i) describe practical examples of damped oscillations with
particular reference to the effects of the degree of damping and
the importance of critical damping in cases such as a car
suspension system
(j) describe practical examples of forced oscillations and
resonance
(k) describe graphically how the amplitude of a forced oscillation
changes with frequency near to the natural frequency of the
system, and understand qualitatively the factors that determine
the frequency response and sharpness of the resonance
(l) show an appreciation that there are some circumstances in
which resonance is useful and other circumstances in which
resonance should be avoided.
CHAPTER
14.1
Simple
Harmonic
Motion
Oscillatory
Any motion that repeats
itself after equal intervals of
Motion
time is called periodic motion.
Free Oscillations
Forced Vibrations
Observing oscillation
Mass-spring
system
A pendulum
A loudspeaker
cone
X, Y : extreme points
O: centre of oscillation / equilibrium position
A: amplitude
A special relation between the
displacement and acceleration of
the particle
8
The amplitude, A of an
oscillation is equal to the
maximum displacement, x
Frequency, f in hertz is equal
to the number of complete
oscillations per second.
also:
f=1/T
Angular frequency, in
radians per second is given by:
x=0
-+AA
equilibrium position
= 2 f
or
= 2 / T
Tension
Resultant
(restoring
force)
Gravity
T
Restoring
force
g
F kx
F x
+ 2 x
(2f )2 or 2 or (2/T)2
Therefore:
a = - (2f )2 x
x
-A
+A
or
- 2 x
a = - 2 x
gradient = - 2 or - (2f )2
or
a = - (2/T)2 x
Question 1
A body oscillating with SHM has a period of 1.5s and
amplitude of 5cm. Calculate its frequency and maximum
acceleration.
(a) f = 1 / T = 1 / 1.5s
frequency = 0.67 Hz
(b) a = - (2f )2 x
maximum acceleration is when x = A (the amplitude)
a = - (2f )2 A
= - (2 x 0.6667Hz)2 x 0.015m
maximum acceleration = 0.88 ms-2
SHM Displacement
If we call the period of the motion T this is the time to
complete one full cycle we can write the position as a
function of time:
v = 2f (A2 x 2)
or
v = (A2 x 2)
or
v = (2 / T) (A2 x 2)
Question 2
A body oscillating with SHM has a frequency of 50Hz and
amplitude of 4.0mm. Calculate its displacement and
acceleration 2.0ms after it reaches its maximum
displacement.
Maximum displacement = amplitude, A = 4.0mm
(a) x = A cos (2 f t)
= 4.0mm x cos (2 50 x 2.0ms)
= 4.0mm x cos (2 50 x 0.0020s)
= 0.6283
displacement = 0.628 mm
(b) a = - (2f )2 x
= - (2 x 50)2 x 0.6283mm
= - (100)2 x 0.0006283m
acceleration = - 62 ms-2
Question 3
A body oscillating with SHM has a period of 4.0ms and
amplitude of 30m. Calculate (a) its maximum speed and
(b) its speed when its displacement is 15m.
f=1/T
= 1 / 4.0ms
= 1 / 0.004s
= 250Hz
(a) v = 2f (A2 x 2)
maximum speed occurs when
x=0
vmax = 2f (A2) = 2f A
= 2 x 250 x 30m
= 2 x 250 x 0.000 030m
maximum speed = 0.0471 ms1
(b) v = 2f (A2 x 2)
= 2 x 250 x ((0.000 030m)2
(0.000 015m)2)
= 500 x ((0.000 030m)2
(0.000 015m)2)
= 500 x ((9 x 10 -10)
(2.25 x 10 -10))
= 500 x (6.75 x 10 -10)
= 500 x 2.598 x 10 -5
speed = 0.0408 ms-1
T 2
m
k
Example
A particle moving with S.H.M. has velocities of 4 cm s -1 and 3 cm s-1 at distances of 3
cm and 4 cm respectively from its equilibrium. Find
(a) the amplitude of the oscillation
Solution:
By v2 = w2(A2 x2)
when x = 3 cm, v = 4 cm s-1,
x = 4 cm, v = 3 cm s-1.
42 = w2(A2 32) --- (1)
32 = w2(A2 42) --- (2)
(1)/(2):
16/9 = (A2 9) / (A2 16)
9A2 81 = 16 A2 - 256
A2 = 25
A = 5 cm
amplitude = 5 cm
4 ms-1
O
27
3 ms-1
(b)the period,
(c) the velocity of the particle as it passes through the equilibrium position.
(b)
28
Since we know the position and velocity as functions of time, we can find the
maximum kinetic and potential energies:
But: ET = EP + EK
k A2 = k x2 + EK
And so the kinetic
energy is given by:
EK = k A2 - k v2
EK = k (A2 - x2)
EP
-A
+A
displacement, x
kA ET
2
EP
EK
T/4
T/2
3T/4
T
time, t
The Pendulum
A simple pendulum consists of a mass m (of negligible size) suspended by a
string or rod of length L (and negligible mass).
The angle it makes with the vertical varies with time as a sine or cosine.
The Pendulum
Looking at the forces on the
pendulum bob, we see that the
restoring force is proportional to sin
, whereas the restoring force for a
spring is proportional to the
displacement (which is in this
case).
The Pendulum
However, for small angles, sin and are approximately equal.
The Pendulum
Substituting for sin allows us to treat the pendulum in a mathematically
identical way to the mass on a spring. Therefore, we find that the period of a
pendulum depends only on the length of the string:
T 2
L
g
Question 4
A simple pendulum has a period of 2 s and an amplitude of
swing 5 cm.
Calculate the maximum magnitudes of
(a) velocity, and
(b) acceleration of the bob.
Solution:
2
2
By T
2
rad s 1
Question 4
Calculate:
(a) the period of a pendulum of length 20cm on the Earths
surface (g = 9.81ms-2) and
(b) (b) the pendulum length required to give a period of
1.00s on the surface of the Moon where g = 1.67ms-2.
(a) T = 2(L / g) = 2 (0.20m / 9.81ms-2)
= 2 (0.204)
time period = 0.90s
(b) T = 2(L / g)
T2 = 42 (L / g)
L = T2g / 42 = ((1.00)2 x 1.67) / 42
length = 0.0423m (3.23cm)
Question 5
An mass oscillates with an amplitude
of 4.00 m, a frequency of 0.5 Hz
and a phase angle of /4.
(a) What is the period T?
(b) Write an equation for the
displacement of the particle.
(c) Calculate the velocity and
acceleration of the object at any
time t.
(d) Determine the position, velocity and acceleration of the object at
time t = 1.00s.
(e) Calculate the maximum velocity and acceleration of the object.
Question 6
A spring stretches by 3.90 cm
when a 10.0 g mass is hung from
it. A 25.0 g mass attached to this
spring oscillates in simple
harmonic motion.
Question 7
A simple pendulum consists
of a mass of 50g attached to
the end of a thread of length
60cm. Calculate:
(a) the period of the
pendulum (g = 9.81ms-2)
(b) the maximum height
reached by the mass if the
masss maximum speed is
1.2 ms-1.
Free oscillation
A freely oscillating object oscillates
with a constant amplitude.
The total of the potential and kinetic
energy of the object will remain
constant.
EP + ET = a constant
This occurs when there are no
frictional forces acting on the object
such as air resistance.
Damping
Damping occurs when frictional
forces cause the amplitude of an
oscillation to decrease.
The amplitude falls to zero with the
oscillating object finishing in its
equilibrium position.
The total of the potential and kinetic
energy also decreases.
The energy of the object is said to
be dissipated as it is converted to
thermal energy in the object and its
surroundings.
Damped Oscillations
This exponential decrease is shown in the figure:
Damped Oscillations
The previous image shows a system that is
underdamped it goes through multiple
oscillations before coming to rest. A critically
damped system is one that relaxes back to the
equilibrium position without oscillating and in
minimum time; an overdamped system will also
not oscillate but is damped so heavily that it takes
longer to reach equilibrium.
Types of damping
1. Light Damping
In this case the amplitude gradually
decreases with time.
The period of each oscillation will
remain the same.
The amplitude, A at time, t will be
given by: A = A0 exp (- c t)
where A0 = the initial amplitude
and c = a constant depending on the
system (eg air resistance)
displacement
A0
critical damping
heavy damping
time
light damping
2. Critical Damping
In this case the system
returns to equilibrium,
without overshooting, in
the shortest possible time
after it has been displaced
from equilibrium.
3. Heavy Damping
In this case the system
returns to equilibrium
more slowly than the
critical damping case.
Forced oscillations
All undamped systems of bodies have a frequency with which
they oscillate if they are displaced from their equilibrium
position.
This frequency is called the natural frequency, f0.
Forced oscillation occurs when a system is made to oscillate
by a periodic force. The system will oscillate with the applied
frequency, fA of the periodic force.
The amplitude of the driven system will depend on:
1. The damping of the system.
2. The difference between the applied and natural frequencies.
Resonance
The maximum amplitude occurs when the applied
frequency, fA is equal to the natural frequency, f0 of
the driven system.
This is called resonance and the natural frequency
is sometimes called the resonant frequency of the
system.
Resonance curves
amplitude of driven
system, A
light damping
more damping
driving
force
amplitude
f0
YouTube Videos:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mclp9QmCGs
4 minutes with commentary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqK2r5bPFTM&feature=related
3 minutes newsreel footage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw&feature=related
6 minutes - music background only
Summary
The amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium.
Position as a function of time:
Summary
Acceleration as a function of time:
Summary
Potential energy as a function of time:
Summary
Period of a simple pendulum:
Summary
Oscillations where there is a nonconservative force are called damped.
Underdamped: the amplitude decreases exponentially with time:
Summary
An oscillating system may be driven by an external force
This force may replace energy lost to friction, or may cause the amplitude to
increase greatly at resonance
Resonance occurs when the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency
of the system