Chapter4

Transmitters and Receivers

Generalized Transmitters
AM PM Generation
Inphase and Quadrature Generation
Superheterodyne Receiver
Frequency Division Multiplexing
05/26/15 10:13 AM

Generalized Transmitters
Modulating
signal

Modulated
signal

Transmitter

Any type of modulated signal can be represented by

v t Re g t e jct R t cos ct t
v t x t cos c t y t sin ct
Where
g t R t e j t x t jy t
The complex envelope g(t) is a function of the modulating signal m(t)
Example:

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Type of Modulation

g(m)

AM :

Ac [1 m(t )]

PM :

Ac e

jD p m ( t )

Eeng 360 2

Generalized Transmitters

Two canonical forms for the generalized transmitter:

1. AM- PM Generation Technique: Envelope and phase functions are generated to modulate
the carrier as

v t R t cos ct t

Figure 427 Generalized transmitter using the AMPM generation

technique.
R(t) and (t) are functions of the modulating signal m(t) as given in TABLE 4.1
05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 3

Generalized Transmitters
2. Quadrature Generation Technique: Inphase and quadrature signals are generated to

modulate the carrier as

v t x t cos c t y t sin c t

Fig. 428 Generalized transmitter using the quadrature generation

technique.
x(t) and y(t) are functions of the modulating signal m(t) as given in TABLE 4.1

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 4

IQ (In-phase and Quadrature-phase) Detector

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 5

Generalized Receivers

Two types of receivers:

Receivers

Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver:

Composed of RF amplifiers and detectors.
No frequency conversion
It is not often used.
Difficult to design tunable RF stages.
Difficult to obtain high gain RF amplifiers
Superheterodyne Receiver:
Downconvert RF signal to lower IF frequency
Main amplifixcation takes place at IF

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 6

Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receivers

Composed of RF amplifiers and detectors.
No frequency conversion. It is not often used.
Difficult to design tunable RF stages.
Difficult to obtain high gain RF amplifiers

Active
Tuning
Circuit

Detector
Circuit

Bandpass
Filter

Baseband
Audio Amp

Local
Oscillator

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 7

Heterodyning

All
Incoming
Frequencies

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Heterodyning
(Upconversion/
Downconversion)

Fixed
Intermediate
Frequency
Subsequent
Processing
(common)

Eeng 360 8

Superheterodyne Receivers

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Superheterodyne Receiver Diagram

Eeng 360 9

Superheterodyne Receiver

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 10

Superheterodyne Receivers
The RF and IF frequency responses H1(f) and H2(f) are important in providing

the required reception characteristics.

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 11

Superheterodyne Receivers
RF Response

fIF

fIF
IF Response

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 12

Superheterodyne Receivers

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 13

Superheterodyne Receiver Frequencies

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 14

Superheterodyne Receiver Frequencies

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 15

Frequency Conversion Process

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 16

Image Frequencies

Image frequency is also received

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Image frequency not a problem.

Eeng 360 17

AM Radio Receiver

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 18

Superheterodyne Receiver Typical Signal Levels

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 19

Double-conversion block diagram.

05/26/15 10:13 AM

Eeng 360 20