ESCUELA POLITCNICA

NACIONAL
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
ELECTRIC
Dr. CARLOS GALLARDO
Campus Universitario
Edificio Ingeniera Elctrica
Ladrn de Guevara E11-253
Quito-Ecuador
Apartado 17-12-866
17-01-2759
Fax: (593-2) 567848
carlos.gallardo@epn.edu.ec

2015

MACHINES I
LECTURE 2 :
POWER TRANSFORMERS I
Prof. Dr. Carlos Gallardo
(Ph.D)

PER UNIT SYSTEM.

CONTENTS:
Widely system of normalization.
V, I, P, Z are normalized.

2.1 : What is Per-Unit System.

dvantage quantities tend to be 1 pu numerical algorithms

are more reliable.
alues are smaller detect bad data.

2.2 : Per-Unit Systemfor 1- Circuits .

2.3 : Transformation Between Bases.
2.4 : Per-Unit System for 3- Circuits.
2.5 : Problems.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

PER UNIT SYSTEM.

CONTENTS:

2.1 : What is Per-Unit System.

2.2 : Per-Unit Systemfor 1- Circuits .
2.3 : Transformation Between Bases.

Base Voltage 120 kV is chosen 108, 120 y 126 kV pu/%

2.4 : Per-Unit System for 3- Circuits.

pu value of quantity = Actual V/ Base V

2.5 : Problems.
pu/% methods are more informative

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

PER UNIT SYSTEM.

CONTENTS:

2.1 : What is Per-Unit System.

2.2 : Per-Unit Systemfor 1- Circuits .
2.3 : Transformation Between Bases.
2.4 : Per-Unit System for 3- Circuits.
2.5 : Problems.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Per Unit System

In pu system, quantities are expressed on a
pu basis
Select 2 base quantities define a pu system

Vb Vrated
The ones usually selected

casevtualoV
A
ufqeantiy
Q
uantiyperunitB

Sb Srated

Vactual
Vp . u .
Vb
Sactual
Sp . u .
Sb
Ratio % 100 times ratio in pu

2015

Sb
Ib
Vb

Vb Vb2
Zb

Ib
Sb

Compute base values

I actual
I p.u .
Ib
Zactual
Z p.u .
Zb

Z % Z p. u . 100%

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Example 1
An electrical lamp of rated 120 volts, 500 watts.
Compute the per-unit and percent impedance of the
lamp. Give the p.u. equivalent circuit.
Solution:
(1) Lamp resistance

V2

V2

(120) 2
P
R

28.8
R
P
500

f.p.= 1.0

Z 28.80

(2) Choose basic magnitudes

Sb 500 VA
2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Vb 120 V

Example 1

(3) Calculation base

impedance:

Vb2 (120) 2
Zb

28.8
Sb
500

(4) Impedance in PU:

(5) Percent impedance :
(6) Equivalent Circuit in
PU:

2015

Zp.u .

Z 28.80

10 p . u .
Zb
28.8

Z % 100%

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Example 2
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. If the
voltage applied across the lamp is twice the rated value,
compute the current that flows through the lamp. Use the
per-unit method.
Solution:

Vb 120 V
Vp . u .

V 240

20 p . u .
Vb 120

Z p. u . 10 p . u .
2015

Lamp data

V2

V2

(120) 2
P
R

28.8
R
P
500

Vb2 (120) 2
Zb

28.8
Sb
500

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

0p.u
V
S2
0p.uZ1

Example 2

The per-unit equivalent circuit is as follows:

I p.u .

Vp .u .
Z p.u .

20

20 p . u .
10

Sb 500
Ib

4.167 A
Vb 120

I new I p. u .I b 20 4.167 8.3340 A

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

PER UNIT SYSTEM.

CONTENTS:

2.1 : What is Per-Unit System.

2.2 : Per-Unit Systemfor 1- Circuits .
2.3 : Transformation Between Bases.
2.4 : Per-Unit System for 3- Circuits.
2.5 : Problems.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

10

Per-unit System for 1- Circuits

One-phase circuits
SB is selected as

Where:

Sb S1 V I

DEFINE PER-UNIT SYSTEM

SELECT TWO
QUANTITIES
S in the single phase system

V Vline to neutral
in the single phase system

I I line current

VB on LV side = line to neutral voltage on LV side

Compute IB on LV side

VbLV VLV

VbHV VHV

Sb

VbLV

Sb

VbHV

I bLV

LOW VOLTAGE

2015

I bHV

SECTION

HIGH VOLTAGE

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

11

Per-unit System for 1- Circuits

HIGH VOLTAGE

LOW VOLTAGE
ON

Compute Z base

Z bLV

VbLV (VbLV )

I bLV
Sb

Z bHV

VbHV (VbHV ) 2

I bHV
Sb

S
Spu
Vpu I*pu
Sb
P
Ppu
Vpu I pu cos
Sb

Compute in two ways the pu Powers

Q
Q pu
Vpu I pu sin
Sb
2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

12

PER UNIT SYSTEM.

CONTENTS:

2.1 : What is Per-Unit System.

2.2 : Per-Unit Systemfor 1- Circuits .
2.3 : Transformation Between Bases.
2.4 : Per-Unit System for 3- Circuits.
2.5 : Problems.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

13

Transformation Between Bases

Selection 1
Buy a new piece of equipment
has to be modeled in a system

Then
Manufacturer supply data on
bases that are chosen consistent
with the component ratings

Selection 2

Vb1 VA

Vb21
Z b1
S b1

ZL
Z pu1
Z b1

Sb 2 SB

Vb 2 VB

Zb 2

Then
These bases are unlikely to be the
same as the bases used in the
system sudy

2015

S b1 S A

Vb22

Sb 2

Z pu 2

DEFINE PER-UNIT SYSTEM 1

SELECT TWO QUANTITIES

Convert pu Z on one
base to pu Z on
another base

DEFINE PER-UNIT SYSTEM 2

SELECT TWO QUANTITIES

ZL

Zb 2

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

14

ZZV S

Transformation Between Bases

Z pu 2

Z
L
Zb 2

Z
Z pu1 L
Z b1

2
b
,
o
l
d
b
,
n
e
w
pu,newpu,oldnewold

Z pu 2
Z pu1

Vb21
Z b1
S b1

Z L Z b1 Z b1 Vb21 Sb 2

2
Z b 2 Z L Z b 2 Sb1 Vb 2
Zb 2

2
b2

V
Sb 2

Previosuly demostrated

Z pu 2

Vb1
Sb 2

Z pu1
Vb 2
S b1

1 Old

2015

2 - New

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

15

Transformation Between Bases

Generally per-unit values given to another base can
be converted to new base by the equations:

(P, Q, S) pu_on_base_ 2
Any quantity can
be converted

Vpu_on_base_ 2

Sbase1
(P, Q, S) pu_on_base_1
Sbase 2

Vbase1
Vpu_on_base_1
Vbase 2

(R, X, Z) pu_on_base_ 2

(Vbase1 ) 2 Sbase 2
(R, X, Z) pu_on_base_ 1
(Vbase 2 ) 2 Sbase1

When performing calculations in a power system, every

per-unit value must be converted to the same base.
2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

16

R
X
S
S

j
2
2
R
jX
S
SV
a
V
L
V
H
V
L
V
H
V
N
1
2
S

Per-unit System for 1- Transformer

Consider the equivalent circuit of transformer

referred to LV side and HV side shown below:
Turn ratio

Referred to P

Referred to S

Defin
e

(1) Referred to LV

side
2015

VLV N1
a

1
VHV N 2

(2) Referred to HV
side

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

17

Per-unit System for 1- Transformer

Choose:

Vb1 VLV, rated

Sb Srated
Compute: Vb 2

Normal choose rated values as base

values.
Vb2 = VHV, rated
Sb is the same

VHV
1
Vb1 Vb1
VLV
a

VLV N1

1 2
VHV N 2Z Vb1
b1
Sb

Zb 2

Vb22

Sb

Z b1 Vb21
Vb21
2
a2
Z b 2 Vb 2 ( 1 V ) 2
b1
a
2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

An
impedance
can
be
transferred from
one side to the
other multiplying
by the square of
the turn ratio.
18

Zp.u1p.u2

Per-unit System for 1- Transformer

Per-unit impedances are:

R S jX S
Z p . u .1
Z b1

Z p .u .2

R S jX S R S jX S
2
2
2
2
a a
a R S jX S
a
Z b1
Zb 2
Z b1
a2
2
2
So:

2015

Per-unit equivalent circuits

of transformer referred to
LV side and HV side are
identical !!

Z b1 Vb1
Vb1Z b1 V2 b21
Vb21
2
a Previosuly

a2
demonstrated
2
Z b 2 Vb 2 ( 1 V Z)b22 Vb 2 ( 1 V ) 2
b1
b1
a
a

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

19

Problem 1.
Three parts of a single-phase electric system are
designated A,B,C and are connected to each other
through transformers, as shown in Fig. The
transformers are rated as follow:
A-B 10000 kVA, 13.8/138kV, leakage reactance 10%
B-C 10000 kVA, 138/69kV, leakage reactance 8%

If the Base in circuit B is chosen as 10000 kVA, 138

kV, find the per-unit impedance of the 300- resistive
load in circuit C referred to circuits C,B, and A. Draw
the impedance diagram neglecting magnetization
2-1
1-10
current,
transformers
resistances,
and
line
impedances.
A

B
A-B

2015

300

B-C

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

20

Problema Practico 1.1.

a) If the Base in circuit B is chosen as 10000 kVA, 200
kV.
b) If the Base in circuit B is chosen as 7000 kVA, 138 kV.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

21

R
X
S
S
jV
R

j
S
S
S
2
2
S
a
Z
b
1
Z
N
b
2
1
N
N
1
2
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
b
L
V
H
V
H
V
b
2
b
1
L
V
b
2
Z
Z
S
,
p
u
,b1pu1
S
Z
S
,
p
u
V
V
V
b
1
b
2
b
2
V
V
b
2
b
1
: 1:
Per-unit Eq. Ckt for 1- Transformer.

N2

Eq Ckt referred to LV side

Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to LV

side
2015

Eq Ckt referred to HV side

VLV N1

1
VHV N 2

Carlos III University of Madrid-Spain

Per-unit Eq Ckt referred to HV

side
22

PER UNIT SYSTEM.

CONTENTS:

2.1 : What is Per-Unit System.

2.2 : Per-Unit Systemfor 1- Circuits .
2.3 : Transformation Between Bases.
2.4 : Per-Unit System for 3- Circuits.
2.5 : Problems.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

23

Per-unit System for 3- Circuits

Three-phase circuits
SB is selected as

DEFINE PER-UNIT SYSTEM

SELECT TWO QUANTITIES

Sb S3 3 S1 3 V I

S in the 3-

Where:

V Vline to neutral VL(line) / 3

I I line current I L
Sb 3 VL I L

SECTION

VB on LV

VbLV VL,LV

IB on LV

Sb 3 VbLV I bLV 3 VbHV I bHV

2015

VbHV VL,HV

VB on HV

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

24

Per-unit System for 3- Circuits

I bLV

Sb

3 VbLV

I bHV
Isolating I

Z bLV

V Vline to neutral VL(line) / 3

I I line current I L

Z bHV

Sb

3 VbHV

VLV
I LV

Sb 3 VbLV I bLV 3 VbHV I bHV

V
bLV
3

3 VbLV (VbLV ) 2

Sb
Sb

(VbHV ) 2

Sb

Simplify

S3

3 VL I*L
Spu

Vpu I*pu
Sb
3 Vb I b

2015

Eliminate 3

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

25

Rule of Thumb.

Apparent power base should be the same in all

parts of the system, and the selection of voltage
base in one part of the system determines the
voltage base to be assigned according to the turn
ratios of the transformer, to the others parts of the
system.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

26

PER UNIT SYSTEM.

CONTENTS:

2.1 : What is Per-Unit System.

2.2 : Per-Unit Systemfor 1- Circuits .
2.3 : Transformation Between Bases.
2.4 : Per-Unit System for 3- Circuits.
2.5 : Problems.

2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

27

Problem 3.

The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is

shown, use a common base of 100 MVA. Draw an
impedance diagram with all impedances marked in perunit.

Per-unit data are referred to the rated power of each

element.
Consider no current flow in the system and all buses
are at rated voltages.
2015

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

28

Problem 3.

Data for the system is:

G1: Vr = 3 kV, Sr= 5 MVA, Xd= 10 %
G2: Vr = 26 kV, Sr= 25 MVA, Xd= 10 %
G3: Vr = 20 kV, Sr= 100 MVA, Xd= 10 %
T1:
T2:
T3:
T4:

20kV/3kV, Sr= 10 MVA, Xsc= 4.5 %

132kV/26kV, Sr= 30 MVA, Xsc= 7 %
132kV/20kV, Sr= 120 MVA, Xsc= 10 %
132kV/20kV, Sr= 10 MVA, Xsc= 7 %

Line 1: X= 0.35 /Km

Line 2: X= 0.39 /Km
Line 3: X= 1.2 /Km
2015

L = 50 Km
L = 50 Km
L = 3 Km

Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

29