Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Flood Frequency Analysis: Reading: Applied Hydrology Sec 12.1 - 12.6
Flood Frequency Analysis: Reading: Applied Hydrology Sec 12.1 - 12.6
http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/peak
With dams
Extreme events
Floods
Droughts
1
Frequency of occurence
Return Period
X
Random variable:
Threshold level: xT
X if:xT
Extreme event occurs
Time between ocurrences of X x
Recurrence interval:
E ( )
Return Period:
or
1
P ( X xT )
T
Frequency Factors
Previous example only works if
distribution is invertible, many are not.
Once a distribution has been selected
and its parameters estimated, then how
do we use it?
xT x KT s
Chow proposed using:
f (x)
xT Estimated event magnitude
KT Frequency factor
x Sample mean
s Sample standard deviation
KT s
x
10
600
No. of
occurrences = 3
500
400
2 recurrence
intervals in 106
years
300
200
T = 106/2 = 53
years
100
0
1905
1908
1918
1927
1938
1948
1958
1968
1978
1988
1998
Year
If xT = 100, 000
P( X 100,000 cfs at least once in the next 5 years) =cfs
1- (1-1/15.2) 5 = 0.29
11
7 recurrence
Data series
Annual Max Flow (10 3 cfs)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1905
1908
1918
1927
1938
1948
1958
1968
1978
1988
1998
Year
Hydrologic data
series
Complete duration series
All the data available
Probability distributions
Normal family
Normal, lognormal, lognormal-III
14
Normal distribution
Central limit theorem
if X is the sum of n
independent and identically distributed random
variables with finite variance, then with
increasing n the distribution of X becomes normal
regardless of the distribution of random variables
pdf for normal distribution
1
f X ( x)
e
2
1 x
Standard Normal
distribution
A standard normal distribution is a
normal distribution with mean () = 0
and standard deviation () = 1
Normal distribution is transformed to
standard normal distribution by using
the following formula:
z
Lognormal distribution
If the pdf of X is skewed,
its not normally
distributed
If the pdf of Y = log (X) is
normally distributed, then
X is said to be
lognormally
distributed.
( y )2
1
f ( x)
exp
x 2
y
2
y
x 0, and y log x
17
EV type I distribution
If M1, M2, Mn be a set of daily rainfall or
streamflow, and let X = max(Mi) be the
maximum for the year. If Mi are independent and
identically distributed, then for large n, X has an
extreme value type I or Gumbel distribution.
f ( x)
x u
1
x u
exp
exp
6sx
u x 0.5772
k 1
exp
x 0; , k 0
20
Exponential distribution
Poisson process a stochastic
process in which the number of
events occurring in two disjoint
subintervals are independent
random variables.
In hydrology, the interarrival
time (time between stochastic
hydrologic events) is described
by exponential distribution
f ( x ) e
1
x 0;
x
Gamma Distribution
The time taken for a number of
events () in a Poisson process
is described by the gamma
distribution
Gamma distribution a
distribution of sum of
independent and identical
exponentially distributed
random variables.
x 1e x
f ( x)
( )
x 0; gamma function
x ; gamma function
y log x
24
x u
f ( x) exp
exp
EV1 pdf and
F ( x) exp exp
cdf
6sx
u x 0.5772
Define a reduced
variable y
xu
y
F ( x) exp exp( y )
y ln ln F ( x) ln ln(1 p) where p P(x xT )
1
yT ln ln 1
T
If you know T, you can find yT, and once yT is know, xT can
be computed by
xT u yT
25
Example 12.2.1
Given annual maxima for 10-minute
storms
Find 5- & 50-year return period 10x 0.649 in
minute
storms
s 0.177 in
6s
6 * 0.177
0.138
T
5
y5 ln ln
ln ln
1.5
T 1
5 1
x5 u y5 0.569 0.138 *1.5 0.78 in
x50 1.11in
26
Normal Distribution
Normal distribution
1
f X ( x)
e
2
1 x
xT x
KT
zT
s
1
0.02; K 50 z50 2.054
50
x u
F ( x) exp exp
6s
u x 0.5772
xT u yT
T
6
6
s
s ln ln
T
6
x
s
0.5772 ln ln
T 1
x 0.5772
xT x KT s
KT
6
T
0.5772 ln ln
T 1
28
T
yT ln ln
T 1
Example 12.3.2
Given annual maximum rainfall,
calculate 5-yr storm using frequency
factor6
T
KT
KT
0.5772 ln ln
T 1
5
6
0
.
5772
ln
ln
0.719
xT x K T s
0.649 0.719 0.177
0.78 in
29
Probability plots
Probability plot is a graphical tool to
assess whether or not the data fits a
particular distribution.
The data are fitted against a theoretical
distribution in such as way that the points
should form approximately a straight line
(distribution function is linearized)
Departures from a straight line indicate
departure from the theoretical distribution
30
Steps
1. Rank the data from largest (m = 1) to smallest (m
= n)
2. Assign plotting position to the data
1. Plotting position an estimate of exccedance probability
2. Use p = (m-3/8)/(n + 0.15)
The pink line you see on the plot is xT for T = 2, 5, 10, 25, 50,
100, 500 derived using the frequency factor technique for normal
32
distribution.
Steps
1. Sort the data from largest to smallest
2. Assign plotting position using Gringorten
formula pi = (m 0.44)/(n + 0.12)
3. Calculate reduced variate yi = -ln(-ln(1-pi))
4. Plot sorted data against yi
33
500
Data
Q (1000 cfs)
400
EV1
300
200
100
0
-2
-1
Questions??
35