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Disaster: Perspectives: Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives: Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives: Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Perspectives
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences
of Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
A disaster is a result of a vast
ecological breakdown in the relation
between humans and their
environment, a serious or sudden
event on such a scale that the
stricken community needs
extraordinary efforts to cope with it,
often with outside help or
international aid
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Public Health View
Disasters are defined
by what they do to people...
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Major Categories of
Disasters
-Natural Disasters
-Human-generated Disasters
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Natural Disasters
-Arise from forces of nature
-Two subcategories:
Disaster: Perspectives
Sudden Impact or Acute Onset
Disasters
Geological or climatic hazards
Hurricanes/typhoons
Tornadoes
Earthquakes Volcanoes
Floods
Tsunamis
Temperature extremes Wildfires
Landslides
Avalanches
Epidemics
Food, water, vector-borne diseases
Person-to-person transmission diseases
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Slow or Chronic Onset
Disasters
Drought
Famine
Environmental degradation
Chronic exposure to toxic substances
Desertification
Deforestation
Pest infestation
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Human-Generated Disasters
Industrial/technological
Transportation (vehicular)
Deforestation
Material shortages
Complex emergencies
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Complex Emergencies
-Wars and civil strife
-Armed aggression
-Insurgency
-Other actions resulting in
displaced persons and
refugees
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Terrorist-perpetrated Disasters
-Biological
-Nuclear
-Incendiary
-Chemical
-Explosive
The Disaster
Cycle
Disaster Cycle
Sudden impact natural disasters
can be considered as a continuous time
sequence
of five phases:
Inter-disaster
Pre-disaster
Impact
Emergency
Reconstruction
Disaster Cycle
Interdisaster Phase
Planning disaster
prevention/preparedness/mitigatio
n
Identifying risks
Identifying vulnerabilities
Creating a resource inventory
Conducting professional training
Conducting community education
Synonym: Non-disaster Phase
Disaster Cycle
Predisaster Phase
Issuing timely warnings
Implementing protective actions
Undertaking emergency management
activities
Evacuating population as necessary
Synonym: Warning Phase
Disaster Cycle
Impact Phase
Destruction
Injuries
Deaths
may occur during impact
Disaster Cycle
Emergency Phase
Implementing life-saving actions
-search and rescue
-first aid
-emergency medical assistance
Restoring emergency communications
Restoring emergency transportation
Implementing public health
surveillance
Evacuating vulnerable areas
Synonyms: Relief Phase, Isolation Phase
Disaster Cycle
Emergency Phase
Note: The immediate post-impact
period is the isolation phase
where most urgent rescue tasks
are accomplished by the survivors
using local resources
Synonyms: Relief Phase, Isolation Phase
Disaster Cycle
Reconstruction Phase
Restoring pre-disaster conditions
Reestablishing health services
Reconstructing & repairing damaged
facilities
Reflecting and debriefing on lessons
learned
Synonym: Rehabilitation Phase
Disaster Severity
Disaster Severity
A Decade of Natural Disasters
1 million thunderstorms
100,000 floods
Tens of thousands of landslides,
earthquakes, wildfires & tornadoes
Several thousand hurricanes,
tropical cyclones, tsunamis &
volcanoes
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster
Disaster Severity
A Decade of Natural Disasters
(1980s)
Floods
39,000 deaths
Tropical cyclones
14,000 deaths
Hurricanes
1,000 deaths
Earthquakes
54,000 deaths
Other disasters 1,012,000 deaths
TOTAL 1,120,000 deaths
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster
Disaster Severity
Factors Contributing to Disaster
Severity
-Human vulnerability due to poverty
& social inequality
-Environmental degradation
-Rapid population growth especially
among the poor
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences
of Disaster
Disaster Severity
Influence of Poverty
Persons in poverty:
-Live in poor housing unable to withstand
seismic activity
-Live in poor housing susceptible to landslides
-Inhabit coastal areas and flood plains
vulnerable
to hurricanes, storm surges,
flooding, and tidal waves
-Live near hazardous industrial sites
-Do not receive education on life-saving
actions during disasters
-Do not receive warning of impending
disasters
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster Severity
Influence of Poverty
-Low-income countries:
3,000 deaths per disaster
-High-income countries:
500 deaths per disaster
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster
Disaster Severity
Influence of Population Growth
- Urban dwellers:
1920: 100 million
1980: 1 billion
2000: 2 billion
- 2000: 20 cities with >10 million
people
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster
Disaster Severity
Capabilities of Developed Nations
That Mitigate Disaster Effects
-Ability to forecast severe storms
-Ability to enforce strict building codes
-Ability to use communication networks
to broadcast alerts and warnings
-Ability to provide emergency medical
services
-Ability to engage in contingency
planning
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disasters:
The Public Health
Impact
Kondisi Indonesia
Geografis Indonesia rawan bencana
Bencana alam (Natural Disaster)
Karena ulah manusia (Man-Made Disaster)
Kedaruratan Kompleks (Complex Disaster)
Selalu akibatkan masalah kesehatan
ujung tombak
Gunung Berapi
129 gunung berapi aktif:
Jawa ( 21 gunung )
Sumatra ( 21 gunung api )
Bali ( 2 gunung api )
Nusa Tenggara ( 20 gunung api )
Laut banda ( 9 gunung api )
Sulawesi Utara ( 6 gunung api )
Kepulauan Sangihe ( 5 gunung api )
Halmahera ( 5 gunung api )
Kalbar,
Kalbar,Kalteng
Kalteng
(Suku)
(Suku)
Maluku,
Maluku,Malut,
Malut,Poso
Poso
(Agama)
(Agama)
Papua
Papua
(Separatisme)
(Separatisme)
Jawa,
Jawa,Sulsel,
Sulsel,NTB
NTB
(kepentingan
(kepentinganpolitik,
politik,antar
antardaerah)
daerah)
Indonesia
1980 2004 :
Indonesia
1980 2004 :
39.Banjir 3 Minggu Jakarta
40.Nunukan Displaced Migrant Worker
41.Bom Teroris Bali
42.Bom Teroris Htl Marriott Jkt
43.Ledakan Pabrik Kimia Gresik
44.Gempa Karang Asem Bali
45.Gempa Nabire 2x
46.Gempa Aceh
47.Gempa Palu
48.Kelaparan NTT
49.Sampah Longsor Bandung
2005
50.Gempa Nias
2002
2002
2002
2003
2004
2004
2004
2004
2005
2005
2005
Masyarakat panik
Terganggunya pelayanan umum bagi warga
Kerusakan sarana dan prasarana
Kegiatan sosial terganggu
Kegiatan sehari-hari lumpuh
Kerusakan kehidupan
Kegiatan ekonomi Lumpuh
Pengungsian penduduk.
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