PRESENTED BYADVES 8th (B)

ROLL No- 277

INTRODUCTION
The creation of the paper battery drew from a diverse pool of
disciplanes, requiring expertise in materials science, energy
storage and chemistry.
In august 2007, a research team at Rensselear
polytechnic
Institute led by Drs. Robert Linhardt, the Ann and John H.Broad
Bent, senior constellation professors of bio catalysis and
Metabolic engineering at Rensselaer, the Pulickel M.Ajayan,
Professor of materials science and engineering AND Omkaram
Nalamasu, professor of chemistry with a joint appointment in
Material science and engineering developed the paper
battery,
also known as nano composite paper.

Cellulose Paper
+ Nano-technology

?
An Overview of the battery
technology that powers our
mobile society.

Battery Chemistry

Electrochemical reaction - a chemical

reaction between elements which creates
electrons.
Oxidation occurs on the metals
(electrodes), which creates the electrons.
Electrons are transferred down the pile via
the saltwater paper (the electrolyte).
A charge is introduced at one pole, which
builds as it moves down the pile.

Recharge-ability & the

memory effect

Recharge-ability: basically, when the

direction of electron discharge (negative
to positive) is reversed, restoring power.
The Memory Effect:
Effect (generally) When a
battery is repeatedly recharged before it
has discharged more than half of its
power, it will forget its original power
capacity.
Cadmium crystals are the culprit! (NiCd)

Lithium (Ion) Battery

Development

In the 1970s, Lithium metal was used

but its instability rendered it unsafe
and impractical. Lithium-cobalt
oxide and graphite are now used as
the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.
The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly
lower energy density than Lithium
metal, but is much safer. Introduced
by Sony in 1991.

Advantages of Using
Li-Ion Batteries

POWER High energy density means

greater power in a smaller package.

160% greater than NiMH

220% greater than NiCd

HIGHER VOLTAGE a strong current

allows it to power complex mechanical
devices.
LONG SHELF-LIFE only 5% discharge
loss per month.

10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd

Disadvantages of Li-Ion

EXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd.

DELICATE -- battery temp must be
monitored from within (which raises the
price), and sealed particularly well.
REGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ion
batteries in bulk (which also raises the
price).

Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material

UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III, 38.3)

Environmental Impact of
Li-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable batteries are often

recyclable.
Oxidized Lithium is non-toxic,
and can be extracted from the
battery, neutralized, and used as
feedstock for new Li-Ion
batteries.

The Intersection

In terms of weight and size, batteries have

become one of the limiting factors in the
development of electronic devices.

The problem with...lithium batteries is that

none of the existing electrode materials alone
can deliver all the required performance
characteristics including high capacity, higher
operating voltage, and long cycle life.
Consequently, the other way is to optimize
available electrode materials by designing
new composite structures on the nanoscale .

Nano-Science and
-Technology

The attempt to manufacture and control

objects at the atomic and molecular
level (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter
(10-9)
1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble :
Earth
1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers

Nano + Li-Ion = ?

Nanotechnology and Li-Ion applications in

the commercial sector are apparent...

lighter, more powerful batteries increase

user mobility and equipment life.

DeWalt 36volt cordless power tools

Nanotechnology & Li-Ion applications in
the residential sector are not so obvious...

Micro-generated energy storage?

Micro-Generated
Energy Storage

Li-Ion batteries high energy density

allows batteries them to power complex
machinery.
Li-Ion batteries recharge quickly and hold
their charge longer, which provides
flexibility to the micro-generator.

particularly helpful for wind and solar

generators!

Lightness, and power per volume allow

for storage and design flexibility.

What is Nanocomposite
paper

It is a hybrid energy storage device

that combines characteristics of batteries
and super capacitors.

It takes the high energy storage

capacity of the battery and the high
energy density of the super capacitor
which producing bursts of extreme power.

Materials and
Description
This energy storage device is based on two basic,
inexpensive materials: carbon nanotubes and
cellulose. Also an ionic liquid provides the third
component: electrolyte. Engineered together, they
form nanocomposite paper. It is as thin and
flexible as a piece of paperit can be twisted,
folded, rolled and cut to fit any space without
losing any of its energy. The paper battery can
also be stacked to boost the total power output.

How it is made

To create this paper we have to first

dissolve the cellulose in the ionic
liquid and then infiltrate the cellulose
paper with aligned carbon nanotubes
which form the uniform film.

Then it is solidified on dry ice,

after this it is soaked in ethonal to
remove the ionic liquid and dried in a
vacume, which gives us our final
product: Nanocomposite paper.

BLOCK D IAGRAM

Paper battery:

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage

and production device formed by combining carbon
nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based
paper.

A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and

super capacitor , combining two components that are
separate in traditional electronics .

This combination allows the battery to provide both

long-term, steady power production and bursts of
energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the
potential to power the next generation of electronics,
medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical
new designs and medical technologies.

WHAT IS A CARBON
NANOTUBE?

A carbon nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of

carbon, having a diameter measuring on the nanometer
scale.
A nanometer is one billionth of the meter or about one
ten-thousandth the thickness of the human hair.
The graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up
chicken wire with a continuous unbroken hexagonal
mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes of the
hexagons.
Carbon Nanotubes have many structures, differing in
length, thickness, and in the type of helicity and number
of layers.
Although they are formed from essentially the same
graphite sheet, their electrical characteristics differ
depending on these variations, acting either as metals or
as semiconductors.

As a group, Carbon Nanotubes

typically have diameters ranging from
<1 nm up to 50 nm. Their lengths are
typically several microns, but recent
advancements have made the
nanotubes much longer, and measured
in centimeters.

. They are among the stiffest and

strongest fibers known, and have
remarkable electronic properties and
many other unique characteristics.

At Stanford, nanotubes +
ink + paper = instant
battery

Dip an ordinary piece of paper into ink infused with

carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires, and it turns into
a battery or super capacitor. Crumple the piece of paper,
and it still works. This is new way of storing electricity.

Paper battery is the one that holds promise for new

types of lightweight, high-performance energy storage.

ordinary paper could one day be used as a lightweight

battery to power the devices that are now enabling the
printed world to be eclipsed by e-mail, e-books and
online news.

How a paper battery

works?

While a conventional battery contains a number of separate

components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery
components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient,
Integrated devices.

"The warm up time, power loss, component malfunction; you don't

get those problems with integrated devices. When you transfer
power from one component to another you lose energy. But you
lose less energy in an integrated device."

You can implant a piece of paper in the body and blood would
serve as an electrolyte.

The battery contains carbon nanotubes, each about one millionth

of a centimeter thick, which act as an electrode. The nanotubes
are embedded in a sheet of paper soaked in ionic liquid
electrolytes, which conduct the electricity.

Electricity is the flow of electrical power or electrons

Batteries produce electrons through a chemical reaction

between electrolyte and metal in the traditional battery.

Chemical reaction in the paper battery is between

electrolyte and carbon nanotubes.

Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery

and flow along a connected wire to the positive terminal.

Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive

terminal for the chemical reaction to continue.

The flexible battery can function even if it is rolled up, folded or

cut.

Although the power output is currently modest, increasing the

output is easy.

"If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the
voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut power by 50%. So we
can control the power and voltage issue."

Because the battery consists mainly of paper and carbon, it

could be used to power pacemakers within the body where
conventional batteries pose a toxic threat.

We wouldn't want the ionic liquid electrolytes in our body, but it

works without them that is we can implant a piece of paper in the
body and blood would serve as an electrolyte."

Summary:

In case of the lead-acid batteries, the RAYON serves

as an electrolyte. But the rayon is made with
sulphuric acid. It contains 33% of H2SO4 and with
specific gravity 1.25, and is commonly called battery
acid.
As the sulphuric acid is a strong acid and a good
electrolyte, it acts a one of the electrolytes in the
manufacture of the paper batteries.
Due to its better properties that is physical and
chemical properties and the reactions with water and
with other reagents, keeping all this in consideration,
the sulphuric acid is used as one of electrolytes of
the paper battery.
Thus in case of other ionic liquid also, we must
consider all these properties, to make it use for the
purpose of making paper batteries

uses

The paper battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes

embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost, making
them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles and
toys (such as model aircraft), medical devices such as pacemakers.

The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not

contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable, a major
drawback of chemical cells.

However, there is a caution that commercial applications may be

a long way away, because nanotubes are still relatively expensive
to fabricate. Currently, they are making devices a few inches in size.

In order to be commercially viable, they would like to be able to

make them newspaper size, a size which taken all together would be
powerful enough to power a car.

Applications
Cosmetic path: paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch for
whitening
and wrinkles.
Medical path: paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch. It
helps to
deliver functional drug i.e., local anesthesia,
antichloristic,
RFID tag: etc..
paper
battery
anodyne,
Into
skin. is useful to use as a power source of
active
RFID tag.
Functional card: paper battery is possible to use as a power source of
melody and display card.

Micro processor; paper battery supply power to micro

processor.

Paper battery offers future

power

The black piece of paper can power a small light.

Flexible paper batteries could meet the energy demands of

the next generation of gadgets.

The ambition is to produce reams of paper that could one day

power a car.

The paper battery was a glimpse into the future of power

storage.

The versatile paper, which stores energy like a conventional

battery, can also double as a capacitor capable of releasing
sudden energy Bursts for high-power applications.

CONCLUSION

This energy storage device is cost-effective

because the device can be able to be used in the
smallest and most diversly designed electronics.
Such as cell phones, mp3 players and medical
equipment.

The reasearchers say that it can also be used in

automobiles and aircraft. But it has a poor
processibility, being that it is particularly
insoluble of infuseble. Lastly, the use of ionic
liquid makes the device environmentally friendly;
a major concern in nanotechnology.

THANK U