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Main UASB Reactor
Main UASB Reactor
Main UASB Reactor
Residual Management
In all biological waste treatment processes some surplus sludge is
produced. The objective of residual management is:
Reduction of water content.
Stabilization of sludge solids.
Reduction in sludge solids volume.
In facultative type aerated lagoons and algal waste stabilization ponds, the
surplus sludge settles out in the unit itself and is removed only once in a
few years after emptying the unit, exposing the wet sludge to natural
drying, and carting away the dried sludge for agricultural use or land
filling.
In extended aeration process where aerobic digestion of surplus sludge is
done, the sludge can be taken directly for dewatering and disposal.
In case of activated sludge and trickling filter plants, the sludge is taken
(along with the primary sludge) to a sludge digester for further
demineralization and thereafter it is dewatered.
Stabilization Ponds
Classification of Stabilization
Ponds
Aerobic ponds are shallow ponds with depth less than
0.5 m and BOD loading of 40-120 kg/ha.d so as to
maximize penetration of light throughout the liquid
depth. Such ponds develop intense algal growth.
Anaerobic ponds are used as pretreatment of high
strength wastes with BOD load of 400-3000 kg/ha.d
Such ponds are constructed with a depth of 2.5-5m as
light penetration is unimportant.
Facultative pond functions aerobically at the surface
while anaerobic conditions prevail at the bottom.They
are often about 1 to 2 m in depth. The aerobic layer acts
as a good check against odour evolution from the pond.
Mechanism of Purification
Oxidation ditch
Unit V
Disposing of the sewage effluents and sludge
There are two general methods of
disposing of the sewage
1) Dilution ( disposal in water)
2) Sewage farming( disposal on land)
1.Dilution
When wastewater is discharged into the receiving water, dilution
takes place due to which the concentration of organic matter is
reduced and the potential nuisance of sewage is also reduced.
When the dilution ratio is quite high, large quantities of DO are
available which will accelerate the chances of purification and
reduce pollution effects.
Aerobic condition will always exist because of higher dilution.
This will however, not be there if dilution ratio is small, i.e.,
when large quantities of oxygen demanding effluent is
discharged into a small stream supplementing little oxygen or
aeration.
3. Sedimentation
4. Temperature
At low temperature, the activities of
bacteria is low and hence rate of
decomposition will also be slow, though
DO will be more because of increased
solubility of oxygen in water. At high
temperatures, the self-purification takes
lesser time, though the quantity of DO will
be less.
5. Sunlight
Sunlight helps photosynthesis of
certain aquatic plants (as algae) to
absorb carbon dioxide and give out
oxygen, thus accelerating selfpurification. Sunlight acts as a
disinfectant
Zone of Degradation
This zone is situated just below the outfall sewer while
discharging its
Contents into the stream. In this zone, water is rendered dark
and turbid, having the formation of sludge deposits at the
bottom. The DO is reduced to 40% of the saturation values.
There is an increase in CO2 content, and reaeration is much
slower than deoxygenation. (Though conditions are
unfavourable for aquatic life, fungi at shallow depths and
bacteria at greater depths breed
Along with small worms, which work over and stabilize
the sewage and sludge). The decomposition of solid matter
takes place in this zone and anaerobic decomposition
prevails over aerobic decomposition.
Zone of Recovery
In this zone, the process of recovery starts, from
its degraded condition to its former purer
condition. The stabilization of organic matter
takes place in this zone.
Due to this, most of the stabilized organic matter
settles as sludge, BOD falls and DO content
rises above 90% value. Near the end of the
zone, fungi wave out and algae reappear.