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Earthing
Earthing
7. 90% of resistance between pipe and earth lies with a radius of about 2
Metres from the pipe/rod. Hence for improving earth resistivity by
artificial treatment of soil, excavation of one metre diameter around
top of the rod/pipe to 30 CM deep and applying the artificial agent
like Sodium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, Sodium Carbonate or
Copper Sulphate and watering sufficiently, will be effective.
3.
(b)
(c)
(d)
RESISTIVITY IN Ohm-Cm
500 5,000
800 5,000
4,000 25,000
6,000 10,000
1,000 50,000
20,000 1,00,000
CORROSION:
On an average steel corrodes about six times faster than copper
when placed in soil, the extent of corrosion depending upon the
properties of the soil. Even though soils have conflicting properties, a
fair degree of correlation has been found between electrical resistivity
of soil and corrosiveness. The generally accepted correlation between
resistivity of soil and its corrosivity is indicated in the Table below:
Range of Soil Resistivity
(ohm meter)
Class of Soil
Less than 25
25 50
50 100
Above 100
Severally Corrosive
Moderately Corrosive
Mildly Corrosive
Very Mildly Corrosive
(a)
(b)
(c)
Use steel conductor with large cross section having allowance for corrosion.
EARTH CONNECTIONS:
Main joints should not have been less than 150 sq mm.
Other joints should not have been less than 65 sq mm.
Joints are braced or welded. Welds should be treated with
Barium chromate and welded surface painted with red lead and
Aluminium paint and afterwards coated with Bitumen.
0.5 ohm
Major S.S.
1.0 ohm
Other S.S.
2.0 ohm
Distribution Transformer
5.0 ohm
TOUCH POTENTIAL:
If a man touches the metal part of an equipment during fault, the
maximum potential difference that will exist between
hand and foot is called TOUCH POTENTIAL.
STEP POTENTIAL:
The maximum potential difference between legs of a man
when standing on the ground the pace being 1 meter is called STEP
POTENTIAL.
TRANSFER POTENTIAL:
This is the maximum potential difference between the equipment
other than electrical equipment, like water line, fencing etc. to the
ground not connected directly to the equipment or earthing system.
0.116 / ts
=
=
=
=
The human body can withstand (lk) fibrillation currents for a time t. lk
(tolerable current) is inversely proportional to square root of duration
of shock or exposure (t)
lk x t.5 = 0.116 or lk = 0.116/t.5.
The fibrillation limit of withstandable current is 116 milliamps if
duration of shock (t) is one second.
Resistivity
of soil
at site
Step
(4a)
Volt
touch
(4b)
Volt
Step
(5a)
Volt
touch
(5b)
Volt
50
1229
386
64.6
70.2
100
1250
391
65.7
71.1
150
1271
396
66.8
72.0
HT
Distribution
Transformer
R
Y
B
N
LT
R2 Contact
R1 Contact
Earth (Ground)
IF =
RS
V
( R1 Contact + RS +
R Line +R Soil Contact + R
Electrode +
R Line
R2 Contact )
R Electrode
Earth Pipe
R Soil Contact
Remote Earth
R
180 Amps
240 V
V
0
24
B 180 Amps
24
0V
180 Amps Y
180 Amps
190 V
V
0
28
B 100 Amps
28
0V
100 Amps Y
R
180 Amps
245 V
N
Nl
NN
V
0
26
B 90 Amps
23
5V
190 Amps Y
160 Amps
255 V
Nl
N
B 90 Amps
V
0
30
17
5V
190 Amps Y
Spring
Tension 240
Kg/CM 2
Spring
Tension 240
Kg/CM 2
Hinge
N
TO
10 LL
PU
N
O
T L
0
1 L
PU
10 TON
PULL
Spring
Tension 240
Kg/CM 2
Hinge
300 Kg/CM 2
Hinge
N
O
T
0
1
ON
20 T
Spring Tension
Spring Tension
250 Kg/CM 2
Hinge
of Spring 240
Kg/CM 2
Hinge
d
N
a
O Lo
T
10 LL
U
P
Initial Tension
30 TON
PULL Load
Initial Tension o
Spring 240
Kg/CM 2
Hinge
PRECAUTIONS:
PRESENTATION ON
VAR COMPENSATION AND PF IMPROVEMENT
IR
V
I L (Inductive
Current) Lagging
IL
I ( Load Current )
I R INPHASE
IL OUT
OF PHASE
DUE TO
INDUCTANCE
IL
I load
( with
Capacitor)
I load
KW
ER
ER
I
IR
Kvar
I
IX
IR
(KVAR)
Initial Load
KVAR
Reduced Apparent
Power
l
na
o
i
dit
d
A
A
MV
AP
TP
N
RE
A
P
R
WE
A)
V
M
REACTIVE
POWER
RP
ACTIVE POWER
(MW)
Additional MW
10 TON
TRAIN
12 TON
TRAIN CAR
DUE TO ANGLE
ADDITIONAL 2 TON IS
REQUIRED FOR MOVING THE TRAIN CAR
SPEED 60 KM / Hr.
SPEED 60 KM/Hr.
12 HP
10 HP
FOAM
FETCHES NO
REVENUE
Equivalent to Kvar
(Reactive Power )
COCA COLA
32 %
42.5 A
68 %
90.5 A
PF: 0.95
FETCHES REVENUE
Equivalent to KW
( Active Power )
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