Descriptive Geometry

Eng.
Areej
Afeefy
Ref. Descriptive Geometry Metric
PARE/LOVING/HILL
Fifth edition

Descriptive Geometry

Descriptive Geometry:
is the science of graphic representation
and solution and space problems

projections
Tow common types of projections:
1) perspective projections (used by
architects or artists)
2) orthographic projections
(perpendicular to the object)

Principal Views

Draw the profile

Steps to obtain a view

1)
2)
3)
4)

Establish the line of sight.

Introduce the folding line
Transfer distances to the new view
Determine visibility and complete the
view

Step 1: Establish the line of sight.

Primary Auxiliary Views

Step 2: Introduce the folding line

Step 3: transfer distances

a,e

d,h

y
b,
f

c,g

D2
D

D2
y
f,e

d
c

g,h D1

c,d

b
b,a

D1

Step 4: determine visibility and

complete view

All views projected from top view has the same height dimension

Primary Auxiliary Views

View 1 is an auxiliary view projected from the front View

All the views projected from front view have the same depth dimension

Edge View of a plane

Chapter 3: LINES

Frontal Line

Frontal Line

the true angel between a line and any projection plane appears in any
view shows the line in true length and the projection plane in Edge View.

Level (Horizontal) Line

Level Line

Profile Line

Profile Line

True Length of an Oblique Line

True Length of an Oblique Line

Bearing , Slope, and Grade

N

S5
5

55

Bearing: a term used to describe the direction of a line on

the earths surface

Azimuth Bearing

N1
25

125

problem
A 160-m segment AB of a power line has a
bearing of N 60o and a downward slope of
20o from the given point A. Complete the
front and top views.
h

1
D1

16
0m

20
N

60

D1

a
H
F

D1

Grade

Grade: another way to describe the inclination of a line from the horizontal
Plane

Grade

Chapter 4
Planes

Points and lines in Planes

Locating a Point in a Plane

Problem: Given the front and side views of
a plane MON and the front view of a point
A in the plane. Determine the side view
n

n
m

m
aF

oF

oP

Solution

n
m
aF

n
m

Y
aP

X
oF

oP

Lines in Planes
b
g

aH

b
aF

Complete the front view

Lines in Planes
b
x

aH

b
aF

x
g

c
e

Principal Lines in Planes

Frontal Line

All frontal lines in the same plane are parallel unless the plane it self is
frontal

Horizontal or Level Lines

Horizontal or Level Lines

All horizontal lines in the same plane are parallel unless the plane it
self is horizontal

Profile Line

Profile Line

All profile lines in the same plane are parallel unless the plane it self is
profile

Locus
The Locus: is the path of a point, line or curve
moving is some specified manner.
Or it is the assemblage of all possible positions
of a moving point, line or curve
The locus of a point moving in a plane with a
specified distance from another point is circle.

Locus
Problem: in the given plane ABC locate a
point K that lies 6 mm above horizontal
line AB and 5 mm in front of frontal line
AC. Scale: full size

Solution
h

aH

c
K

5 mm

h
b

h
K

aF

6 mm

Pictorial Intersection
B

A
H

C
M

Tow principles to solve the problem:

1) Lines in a single plane must either be parallel or intersect.
2) If tow planes are parallel, any lines on the planes in question are parallel.

Pictorial Intersection

Pictorial Intersection

Chapter 5
Successive Auxiliary Views

Construction of successive
Auxiliary Views
Step 1: Establish the line of sight.
Step 2: Introduce the necessary folding
lines.
Step 3: transfer distance to the new view.
Step 4: Complete view.

Point View of a Line

A line will appear in point view if the line of
sight is parallel to the line in space..
In the drawing sheet, the line of sight
should be parallel to the true length of the
line.

Point View of a Line

2

a
H

a1,b

T.L.

b
Point
View (P.V)

Problem I
Find the true clearance between the point
O and the line AB.
b
a2,b

Clearance

b
h

L.
.
T

H
F

b
o

Edge View of a Plane

A plane will appear in edge view in any
view for which the line of sight is parallel to
the plane.
In the drawing sheet, a plane will appear
in edge view in any view for which the line
of sight is parallel to a true length line in
the plane.

Edge View of a Plane

c

E.V.

a
H
F

c
h
.
T.L
F

b
1

Normal Views of a Plane

A normal view or TRUE SIZE and shape
of a plane is obtained in any view for
which the line of sight is perpendicular to
the plane.
In the drawing sheet the line of sight
appear perpendicular to the Edge View of
the plane.

Edge View of a Plane

c

E.V.

a
H
F

c
h
.
T.L
F

b
1

Normal
View
T.S.

Uses of Auxiliary and additional

Views
Position of line of sight

Use

In space

On the drawing sheet

1) True length of line (TL)

Perpendicular
to line

Perpendicular to any view of the line or

directed to a point view of the line

2) Point view of line

Parallel to line

Parallel to the true length of the line

3) Edge view of plane (EV)

Parallel to
plane

4) Normal or true size view

of plane (TS)

Perpendicular
to plane

Parallel to true length of line in plane

OR directed toward a true size view of
plane
Perpendicular to edge view of plane

problem
Find the front and top views of a 2.5m
radius curve joining tow intersecting lines
BA & BC.

b
a

c
c
a

c
c
b

TL

a
a

b
a
5

1
4

c
1
1

b
4
5

TL

2
f

3
4
5
a

5
a

2
3

Chapter 6
Piercing Points

Piercing point
The intersection of a line with a plane is
called Piercing Point.
If the line is not in or parallel to a plane, it
must intersect the plane.

Piercing point - Auxiliary View

Method
1.

e
bH

b1,c
p

c
TL

p
g

a
e
p
bF

Piercing point- Tow View Method

A piercing point could be found using

the given views as follows: (see the following
Fig.)

1)
2)
3)
4)

Any convenient cutting plane containing line EG is

introduced, it appears EV in a principal view.
The line of intersection between the tow planes is
determined.
Since line EG and line 1 - 2 both lies in the cutting
plane they intersect, locating point P.
Since line 1 2 also lies in Plane ABC, point P is the
required Piercing Point.

Piercing point- Tow View Method

A

Vertical cutting plane N

1

P
C
2

Piercing point- Tow View Method

a

p
2

bH

1
p

bF

Vertical cutting plane N

Chapter 7
Intersection of Planes

Intersection of Planes
Any tow planes either parallel or must
intersect.
Even the intersection beyond the limits of
planes.
The intersection of planes result a line
common to both of them.

Intersection of Planes
Auxiliary view Method
bH
e

k
z

b1

f
g

k
e
x

J
c

y
j

a
x

f
g

e
z

Intersection of Planes
Auxiliary view Method
bH
e
k
z

bH

k
e
x

J
c

e
y

Intersection of Planes
Tow View - Piercing point Method
b

b
d

d
a

eF

eP
cF

cP

E.
V.

Intersection of Planes
Tow View - Piercing point Method
b

d
L1

L1

x
.
E.V
g

1
4

eF

eP
cF

cP

Intersection of Planes
Tow View - Piercing point Method
b

b
d

d
a

a
g

eF

eP
cF

cP

Intersection of Planes
Cutting Plane Method
Line of intersection

H1
P1
3

1
6
5

P2

H2

a
o

Intersection of Planes
Cutting Plane Method
cH
2
1

P1

P2

LI

cF
1
5

m
2

P1

6
P2

LI

EV of HI
8

EV of H2

Pictorial Intersection Of Planes

3

s
k
b
m

c
e

Pictorial Intersection Of Planes

3

c
k
b
m

Chapter 8
Angle between Planes

Angle between Planes

Line of sight

m
of
V.
E.

n
f
.o
V
E.

P.V. of line of intersection AB

Dihedral Angle
Line of Intersection given
g

A
eH

e1
A

TL
LI

eF
B

LI

e2g

B
of
.
V
E.

E.
V.
o

fA

Dihedral Angle
Line of Intersection is NOT given
a
4

2
kH

bH

m
c

a
EV.1

bF
EV.2

kF

Dihedral Angle
Line of Intersection is NOT given
b2
a

X,y

m
y

bH

kH
c

b1
o

o
n

TL

a
n

k1
m

kF

a
x

m
c

Dihedral Angle
Line of Intersection is NOT given

Alternative solution: You can find the Edge

View for both planes without resorting to
find the line of intersection.
See next slide

Dihedral Angle
Line of Intersection is NOT given
Both Planes will
Appear EV.

a
b2
n

TS
m
kH

bH

TL

k2

a
o
bF

TL

kF

m
k
1

b ,c
1

EV

Angle between Oblique Plane and Principal Plane

EV of frontal plane

aH

H
F

a1
b

c
f
TL

Angle between plane and frontal plane

Angle between Oblique Plane and Principal Plane

b

aH
c

H
F

aF

c
TL

b
f

EV of Profile plane

a1

Angle between plane and Profile plane

Angle between Oblique Plane and Principal Plane

Angle between a plane and a horizontal

plane can be measured in the similar
fashion.
The angle between sloping plane and a
horizontal plane is called DIP ANGLE.

Angle between Oblique Plane and Principal Plane

1
aH

aH
f
H
F

TL

c
c

f
aF

Angle between plane and horizontal plane

Chapter 9
Parallelism

Parallel Lines
Oblique Lines that appears parallel in tow
or more principal views are parallel in
space.

Parallel Lines
d
b
c
aH

aP

aF
b
c

d
d

Parallel Lines
c
b
d
aH

F P

F
aF

aP

Principal Line
Tow horizontal, tow frontal, or tow profile
lines that appears to be parallel in tow
principal views may or may not be parallel
in space.
non intersecting, non parallel lines are
called SKEW LINES.

Parallel Lines
aH

Xc

ecX

H
F P

F
aF

aP

Xc

Xc
b

X a1b

Parallel Lines
aH
Xe
b

D2

Xc

ecX

P
D1

H
F P

D1

aF

D2
eX

Xe

Xc

Xc
b

aP

X a1b

Parallel Planes
n
mH

f
b

aH

aF
o

a1
b

mF

TL

m1
n
n

Parallel Planes
If tow planes are parallel, any view
showing one of the planes in edge view
must also show the other plane as parallel
edge view.
Parallel edge views prove that planes are
parallel.

Lines parallel to planes

Planes parallel to lines
If tow lines are parallel, any plane
containing one of the lines is parallel to the
other line.
A line may be drawn parallel to a plane by
making it parallel to any line in the plane.

Lines parallel to planes

Planes parallel to lines
o

q
p

y
p

Chapter 10
Perpendicularity

Perpendicular Lines
If a line is perpendicular to a plane, it is
perpendicular to every line in the Plane.
e

y1

90

90

y
f
x1

Perpendicular lines are not necessarily intersecting lines and they do not necessarily
Lie in the same plane.

Perpendicular Lines
If tow lines are perpendicular, they appear
perpendicular in any view showing at least
one of the lines in true length.
If tow lines appear perpendicular in a view,
they are actually perpendicular in space if
at least one of the lines is true length in
the same view.

Perpendicular Lines
H

1
s
m

o
n
s

H
n

TL

s
m

Plane Perpendicular to Line

Tow-View Method
A plane is perpendicular to a line if the
plane contains tow intersecting lines each
of which is perpendicular to the given line.

Plane Perpendicular to Line

Tow-View Method
y

TL

H
x

TL

z
xf
EV

TL

Plane Perpendicular to Line

Auxiliary-View Method
y
h
k
z

x
H
h

z
k
y

z
x EV

F
1

TL

Line Perpendicular to Plane

Tow-View Method
A line perpendicular to a plane is
perpendicular to all lines in the plane.

Line Perpendicular to Plane

Tow-View Method
n
a

TL

m
k

H
F

TL

m
f

k
h

k
n

Line Perpendicular to Plane

Auxiliary-View Method
a

TL

n
a

m
k

h
TL

k
o

a
k
m

h
k
n

EV

Common Perpendicular
Point View Method
The shortest distance from a point to a line
is measured along the perpendicular from
the point to a line.
The shortest distance between tow skew
lines is measured by a line perpendicular
to each of them.

Common Perpendicular
Point View Method
c

b
e
1

a
H

e
TL

F
a
c

e
ab x
c

a
c
b

Common Perpendicular
Point View Method
c

b
e
1

H
x
a x e
c

TL
y

c
b

TL

ab x
c

Common Perpendicular
Plane Method
Another method to find the shortest
distance between skew lines, specially
when the perpendicular view are not
required.

Common Perpendicular
plane Method
1

c
c

TL

EV

x kh

a
H

a
h
c

e
k

s
te
or
Sh

st
Di

ce
an

Shortest line at specified Grade

connecting Tow Skew Lines
1

c
h

TL

EV

x ph

b
H

e
Shortest Horizontal Distance

b
c
a

a
p

h
e

Shortest line at specified Grade

connecting Tow Skew Lines
1

c
h

TL

EV

x ph

100

b
c
a

15

h
e

Projection of line on a Plane

The projection of a point on a plane is the
point in which a perpendicular from the
point to the plane pierces the plane.

Projection of line on a Plane

a

a
m

m
1

ap

ap

TL

n
bp

bp

b
a

b
o

TL

o
F

ev
bp

m
ap

Second exam Solution

A

P
C
2

o
2
1 b
k
Xv
3

4
n

m
k

b
Xv

1
a
4
3
m