Zee Big

IEEE 802.15.
4 MAC
and PHY
Specifications for LRWPANs

Tel: (03) 211-8800 Ext: 5990
Email: jhchen@mail.cgu.edu.tw
URL: http://www.csie.cgu.edu.tw/~jhchen
All rights reserved. No part of this publication and file may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior written permission of Professor Jenhui Chen (E-mail: jhchen@mail.cgu.edu.tw).
CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 1
Outline
1. IEEE 802.15.4 Architecture and Overview
2. IEEE 802.15.4 PHY
3. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
1. 802.15.4 Architecture
and Overview
IEEE Project 802 Standards
WPAN
WLAN
WMAN
LR-WPAN
IEEE 802.15 Working Group
Applications
Sensors & actuators

Interactive toys
Smart badges
Health monitoring
Computing peripherals
Remote control
Home Automation
Automatic Meter Reading
New Trend of Wireless Technology

Most Wireless industry focus on increasing
high data throughput
A set of applications requiring simple wireless
connectivity, relaxed throughput,
throughput very low
power, short distance and inexpensive
Industrial
Agricultural
Vehicular
Residential
Medical
Wireless Markets
HI-FI
AUDIO
STREAMING
VIDEO
>
LONG
TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET
MULTI-CHANNEL
VIDEO
LAN
RANGE
802.11b
802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g
Bluetooth 2
<
SHORT
DIGITAL
VIDEO
ZigBee
PAN
Bluetooth1
LOW
<
DATA RATE
>
HIGH
Reference from ZigBee Alliance Inc.
Wireless Technologies
Range
Meters
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
3G
2000
2003-4
10,000
2005
1,000
802.11b
ZigBee
100
Bluetooth 2.0
Bluetooth
10
100
1,000
Hiper
LAN/2
WiMedia
Bluetooth 1.5
10
802.11a/g
10,000
Bandwidth
kbps
100,000
WLAN vs WPAN
Wireless Applications
monitors
sensors
automation
control
monitors
diagnostics
sensors
INDUSTRIAL &
COMMERCIAL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVD/CD
remote
ZigBee
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
consoles
portables
educational
LOW DATA-RATE
RADIO DEVICES
TOYS &
GAMES
HOME
AUTOMATION
PC &
PERIPHERALS
mouse
keyboard
joystick
security
HVAC
lighting
closures
Architecture
APPLICATION
ZIGBEE STACK
SILICON
ZigBee Alliance
45+ companies: semiconductor
mfrs, IP providers, OEMs, etc.
Customer
Defining upper layers of protocol
stack: from network to
application, including application
ZigBee
profiles
Alliance
First profiles published mid 2003
IEEE
802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group
Defining lower layers of protocol
stack: MAC and PHY
draft D18 (will be finalized 2003)
What is unique about wireless PAN (WPAN)?

Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
short distance
small (ultra low complexity)
low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
power efficient (the most important factor)
inexpensive (ultra low cost) solutions.
Typically operating in the Personal Operating

Space (POS) of 10 meters.
meters
Supporting star and peer-to-peer topologies
controlled by the PAN coordinator
WPAN Features
Media access is contention based.
Using carrier sense multiple access with collision
avoidance (CSMA/CA) MAC protocol
Similar to IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA protocol, but not the same
Provide the optional Superframe structure

The PAN coordinator periodically allocates guaranteed time
slots (GTS) to low latency devices
Dynamic device addressing
Two kinds of address of a device
16-bit Short Address

64-bit Extended Address
Fully acknowledged protocol for transfer reliability.

Device Classes in WPAN

There are two different device types :
A full function device (FFD)
A reduced function device (RFD)
The FFD can operate in three modes serving

Device
Coordinator
PAN coordinator
The RFD can only operate in a mode serving:

Device
Coordinator provides synchronization information to

other devices
FFD vs RFD
Full function device (FFD)
Any topology
Network coordinator capable
Talks to any other device
Reduced function device (RFD)

Limited to star topology
Cannot become a network coordinator
Talks only to a network coordinator
Very simple implementation
Network Topologies
Star and Peer2Peer Topologies
Network Topologies
Star network formation:
formation
An FFD may establish its own network and become the PAN
coordinator.
All star networks operate independently.
Choosing a PAN identifier, which is not currently used by any
other network within the radio sphere of influence.
Both FFDs and RFDs may join the network.
Peer-to-peer network formation:

formation
Each device is capable of communicating with any other
device.
One FFD device will be nominated as the PAN coordinator.
Star Topology
Home Application
FFD
RFD
FFD
PAN coordinator
RFD
RFD
FFD
RFD
Cluster Tree Topology

Only one PAN coordinator
No detail yet
Cluster Head
PAN coordinator
Cluster Tree Establishment

The PAN coordinator forms the first cluster by establishing itself
as the cluster head (CLH) with a cluster identifier (CID) of zero.
zero
Choosing an unused PAN identifier (PANID) and broadcasting
beacon frames to neighboring devices.
A candidate device receiving a beacon frame may request to join
the network at the CLH.
If the PAN coordinator permits the device, it will add the new
device as a child device in its Access Control List (ACL).
The newly joined device will add the CLH as its parent in its ACL,
and begin transmitting periodic beacons.
Other candidate devices may then join the network at that device.
A larger network (PAN) is possible by forming a mesh of multiple
neighboring clusters.
The PAN coordinator may instruct a device to become the CLH of
a new cluster adjacent to the first one.
Other devices gradually connect and form a multi-cluster network
structure.
WPAN Addressing Methods

Two or more devices with a POS communicating on the same
physical channel constitute a WPAN which includes at least
one FFD (PAN coordinator)
Each independent PAN will select a unique PAN identifier
All devices operating on a network shall have unique 64-bit
extended address.
address This address can be used for direct
communication in the PAN
The address can use a 16-bit short address,
address which is
allocated by the PAN coordinator when the device associates
Addressing modes:
Network + device identifier (star)
Source/destination identifier (peer-peer)
Source/destination cluster tree + device identifier (cluster tree)
MAC/PHY Functions
Functions in PHY sublayer
activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver

energy detection
link quality indication
clear channel assessment (CCA) - carrier sense
transmitting/receiving bit stream
Functions in MAC sublayer
beacon management
channel access (slotted or unslotted CSMA/CA)
guarantee time slot management (QoS)
frame validation
acknowledged frame delivery
association
disassociation
security mechanisms (AES)
2. 802.15.4 Physical Layer
PHY Specifications
The standard specifies two PHYs :
868 MHz/915 MHz direct sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) PHY (11 channels)
1 channel (20Kb/s) in European 868MHz band
10 channels (40Kb/s) in 915 (902-928)MHz ISM band
2450 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum

(DSSS) PHY (16 channels)
16 channels (250Kb/s) in 2.4GHz band
PHY Specification
PHY functionalities:
Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver
Energy detection within the current channel
Link quality indication for received packets
Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA
Channel frequency selection
Data transmission and reception
PHY Specification
Operating Frequency Range

BAND
2.4 GHz
ISM
868 MHz
915 MHz
ISM
COVERAGE
DATA RATE
CHANNEL(S)
Worldwide
250 kbps
16
Europe
20 kbps
Americas
40 kbps
10
A total of 27 channels, numbered 0 to 26, are available

across the three frequency bands.
16 channels are for 2450 MHz, 10 are for 915 MHz an 1 is for
868 MHz.
PHY Parameters
Transmit Power
Capable of at least 1 mW
Power reduction capability required if > 16 dBm
(reduce to < 4 dBm in single step)
Transmit Center Frequency Tolerance

40 ppm
Receiver Sensitivity
-85dBm (2450 MHz)
-92dBm (868/915 MHz)
1% Packet Error Rate in PSDU = 20 Bytes)
RSSI Measurements
Packet strength indication

Clear channel assessment
Dynamic channel selection
Receiver jamming resistance

In 915MHz and 2450MHz bands
The adjacent channel is one on either side of the
desired channel that is closest in frequency to the
desired channel, and the alternate channel is one
more removed from the adjacent channel. (in
915MHz and 2450MHz)
For example, for channel 3, channels 2 and 4 are adjacent
channels, and channels 1 and 5 are alternative channels
PHY PDU Format (PPDU)

PHY Packet Fields
A synchronization header
Preamble (32 bits) 32 binary zeros used for synchronization

Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits) 10100111
A PHY header
PHY Header (8 bits) 7-bit frame length (0-127) and 1-bit reserved
A payload
PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) Data field
4 Bytes
1 Byte
1 Byte
Preamble
Start of
Packet
Delimiter
PHY
Header
6 Bytes
PHY Service
Data Unit (PSDU)
0-127 Bytes
PPDU Format Length

Frame Length Values
aMaxPHYPacketSize : 127
aTurnaroundTime : 12 symbol periods
2450 MHz PHY Specifications

Data rate: 250 kb/s per channel
Employing a 16-ary quasi-orthogonal modulation technique
During each data symbol period, 4 information bits (symbol) are
used to select one of 16 nearly-orthogonal PN sequences (32
chips) to be transmitted
The aggregate chip sequence is modulated onto the carrier
using O-QPSK (offset quadrature phase shift keying)
(b3b2b1b0)
(b7b6b5b4)
2Mchips/s
250kb/s
b7b6b5b4b3b2b1b0
2Mhz
4:1
1:32
1:1
(1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0)
62.5ksymbols/s

Modulation Scheme
Even chips: In-phase (I) carrier
Odd chips: quadrature-phase (Q) carrier
The chip rate (nominally 2.0 Mchip/s) is 32 times the symbol rate
(62.5 ksymbols/s)
Data rate : 4 bits/symbol times 62.5 ksymbols/s = 250Kb/s
O-QPSK chip offsets

OQPSK modulation
Tc is the inverse of the chip rate.
Example baseband chip sequences with pulse shaping

868/915 MHz Band PHY Specifications

Employing DSSS with
binary phase shift keying (BPSK) with raised cosine pulse shaping
(rolloff factor = 1) used for chip modulation
differential encoding used for data symbol encoding.
Differential encoding is the modulo-2 addition of a raw data bit (R)
with the previous encoded bit (E), where E0 is 0.
Transmitter :
Receiver :
20kb/s
40kb/s
1:1
1:15
20ksymbols/s
40ksymbols/s
1:1
300kchips/s
600kchips/s
300khz
600khz
868/915 MHz Band PHY Specifications

Symbol-to-chip mapping
Pulse shape
raised cosine pulse shape (rolloff factor = 1) used to represent each
baseband chip
General Radio Specifications

Error vector magnitude definition:
The modulation accuracy of a transmitter is determined with an error-vector
magnitude (EVM) measurement
: N received complex chip values

: ideal position of the chosen complex
: error vector
where S is the magnitude of the vector

to theof
ideal
constellation
point
A compliant transmitter shall have EVM values
less
than 35% when
measured for 1000 chips.
RED and LQI

Receiver energy detection
The energy detection time shall be equal to 8 symbol periods
an 8-bit integer ranging from 0x00 to 0xff
The minimum ED value (0) shall indicate received power less
than 10 dB above the specified receiver sensitivity and the
range of received power spanned by the ED values shall be at
least 40 dB. Within this range the mapping from the received
power in dB to ED value shall be linear with an accuracy of +/6 dB.
Link quality indication (LQI)

may be implemented using receiver energy detection,
detection a
signal-to-noise ratio estimation,
estimation or a combination of these.
an 8-bit integer ranging from 0x00 to 0xff
At least 8 unique values of LQ shall be used.
Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)

Three CCA modes in IEEE 802.15.4
CCA Mode 1:
1 Energy above threshold.
threshold CCA shall report a
busy medium upon detecting any energy above the ED
threshold.
CCA Mode 2:
2 Carrier sense only.
only CCA shall report a busy
medium only upon the detection of a signal with the
modulation and spreading characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4.
This signal may be above or below the ED threshold.
CCA Mode 3:
3 Carrier sense with energy above threshold.
threshold
CCA shall report a busy medium only upon the detection of a
signal with the modulation and spreading characteristics of
IEEE 802.15.4 with energy above the ED threshold
3. 802.15.4 MAC Layer
Protocol Layer
APPLICATIONS
Customer
APPLICATION INTERFACE
SECURITY
NETWORK LAYER
Star/Cluster/Mesh
DATA LINK LAYER

MAC LAYER
MAC LAYER
PHY LAYER
2.4 GHz
915MHz
IEEE
ZigBee
Alliance
802.15.4
868 MHz
Application
ZigBee Stack
Silicon
IEEE 802.15.4 feature

Extremely low cost
Ease of installation
Reliable data transfer
Short range operation
Reasonable battery life
Simple but flexible flexible protocol
Network Topologies
Star Topology
In star topology, data may be exchanged only

between the coordinator (FFD) and a device (FFD
or RFD).
Peer-Peer Topology
In a peer-to-peer topology,data may be exchanged

between any two devices (FFDs).
Star Topology
Network
coordinator
Master/slave
Full Function Device (FFD)
Reduced Function Device (RFD)
Communications Flow
Peer-Peer Topology
Point to point
Tree

Communications Flow
Combined Topology (Cluster Star)

Room 3
Room 4
Room 1
Room 2

Reduced Function Device (RFD)
Star Communications Flow
Peer2Peer Communications Flow
Device Addressing
All devices have IEEE addresses (64-bits)
Short addresses (16-bit) can be allocated
Addressing modes:
Network + device identifier (star)
Source/destination identifier (peer-peer)
Source/destination cluster tree + device identifier
(cluster tree)
General Frame Structure
Four Types of Frames Structure:

Structure
Beacon Frame - used by coordinator
Data Frame - used for all transfers of data
Acknowledgment Frame - used for confirming successful frame
reception
MAC Command Frame - used for handling all MAC peer entity control
transfers
Superframe Structure
The LR-WPAN allows the optional use of a superframe
structure.
The format of the superframe is defined by the coordinator.
The superframe is bounded by network beacons, is sent by the
coordinator and is divided into 16 equally sized slots.
The beacon frame is transmitted in the first slot of each
superframe.
If a coordinator does not wish to use a superframe structure it
may turn off the beacon transmissions.
The beacons are used to synchronize the attached devices, to
identify the PAN, and to describe the structure of the
superframes.
Any device wishing to communicate during the contention
access period (CAP) between two beacons shall compete with
other devices using a slotted CSMA-CA mechanism.
All transactions shall be completed by the time of the next
network beacon.
The superframe can have an active and an inactive portion. During
the inactive portion the PAN enters a low power mode.
The PAN coordinator may dedicate portions of the active
superframe to some devices/applications. These portions are
called guaranteed time slots (GTSs).
The GTSs comprise the contention free period (CFP).
The PAN coordinator may allocate up to 7 of these GTSs and a
GTS may occupy more than one slot period. (Note:all slots may be
allocated for CFP.)
All contention based transactions shall be complete before the
CFP begins. Also each device transmitting in a GTS shall ensure
that its transaction is complete before the time of the next GTS or
the end of the CFP.
The structure of this superframe is described by the
values of macBeaconOrder (BO) and
macSuperframeOrder (SO).
The macBeaconOrder describes the interval at which the
coordinator shall transmit its beacon frames.
The macSuperframeOrder describes the length of the active
portion of the superframe, which includes the beacon frame.
The values of BO and the beacon interval (BI)
BI are related as follows:
BI = aBaseSuperframeDuration 2BO symbols, if 0BO14
The values of SO and the superframe duration (SD)
SD are related as follows:
SD = aBaseSuperframeDuration 2SO symbols, if 0SOBO14
Note : If BO = 15, the coordinator will not transmit beacon and the value of
SO shall be ignored. (non beacon-enable network) Moreover,
macRxOnWhenIdle defines whether the receiver is enabled during periods
of transceiver inactivity (default : FALSE)
If SO = 15,
15 the superframe will not be active after the beacon.
PANs that wish to use the superframe structure shall set 0SOBO14.
14
The active portion of each superframe shall be
divided into aNumSuperframeSlots equally spaced
slots of duration 2SO *aBaseSlotDuration
aNumSuperframeSlots =16 (Fixed)
aBaseSlotDuration = 2SO 60 symbols (Variable)
aBaseSuperframeDuration = aNumSuperframeSlots
aBaseSlotDuration = 16 2SO 60 symbols (Variable)
The active portion is composed of three parts:

1. a beacon (with extended payload)
2. a contention access period (CAP) and
3. a contention free period (CFP).
Data Transfer Model

There are three types of data transfer transactions.
1) Device -> Coordinator
2) Coordinator -> Device
3) Device (coordinator) -> Device (coordinator)
MAC Specifications
Optional (named as beacon-enable network)
The format of the superframe is define by the PAN coordinator

Bounded by network beacons and sent by the PAN coordinator
Divided into 16 equally sized slots and beacon is transmitted in
the first slot
It consists of two periods
Contention Access Period (CAP)
Contention Free Period (CFP)
Objects of the beacons
synchronize
identify the PAN
describe the structure of the superframes
MAC Specifications
The superframe can have an active and an inactive

portion.
During the inactive portion the coordinator shall not

interact with its PAN and may enter a low power mode.
The PAN coordinator may allocate portions of the

active superframe to some applications and these
portions are called guaranteed time slots (GTSs).
The GTSs comprise the contention free period
(CFP).
The PAN coordinator may allocate up to 7 GTSs at
the same time
A GTS may occupy more than one slot period
A sufficient portion of the CAP shall remain for
contention.
MAC Specifications
Any device wishing to communicate during the
CAP between two beacons shall compete with
other devices using a slotted CSMA-CA
mechanism.
All transactions shall be completed by the time
of the next network beacon
If the coordinator does not wish to use a
superframe structure, it can turn off the beacon
transmissions
named as non beacon-enable network
Using Unslotted CSMA/CA
General Frame Format
PHY Layer
MAC
Layer
Payload
Synch. Header
(SHR)
PHY Header
(PHR)
MAC Header
(MHR)
MAC Service Data Unit

(MSDU)
MAC Footer
(MFR)
MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)

PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU)
Four Types of Frames Structure:

Structure
Beacon Frame - used by coordinator
Data Frame - used for all transfers of data
Acknowledgment Frame - used for confirming successful
frame reception
MAC Command Frame - used for handling all MAC peer
entity control transfers
Beacon Frame Format (1/4)
Data Frame Format (2/4)
Acknowledgement Frame Format (3/4)
MAC Command Frame Format (4/4)
CSMA/CA Mechanism (1/3)

unslotted CSMA/CA:
A device waits for a random period without carrier
sense.
If the channel is idle,
idle following the random backoff,
it transmits its data. Otherwise, it waits for another
random period before retry.
slotted CSMA/CA:
It is similar to the unslotted CSMA/CA but follows
the backoff slot boundary.The backoff slots are
aligned with the start of the beacon transmission.
CSMA/CA Mechanism (2/3)

Frame Acknowledgment
If the originator does not receive an ACK after
some period. It will retry the frame transmission. If
an ACK is still not received after several retries,
the originator can choose either to terminate or to
try again.
Power Consumption Considerations

Battery powerd devices will require duty-cycling to
reduce power consumption. These devices will
spend most of their operational life in a sleep
state.
state They shall periodically listen to the RF
channel to determine whether a message is
pending.
Security (1/2)
Security implementation in the MAC sublayer
maintain an access control list (ACL)
use symmetric cryptography to protect transmitted frames.
The higher layers determine when security is to be used at
the MAC sublayer, provide all keying material, Key
management,
management device authentication and freshness protection.
protection
Security modes
Unsecured mode
ACL mode
Secured mode
Access control (protect STA from being attacked, needs ACL)

Data encryption (protect data from being resolved)
Frame integrity (protect data from being modified)
Sequential freshness (protect data from being replayed)
Data Transmissions
(1) Data transferred from device to coordinator
In a beacon-enable network, device finds the beacon to
synchronize to the superframe structure. Then using
slotted CSMA/CA to transmit its data.
In a non beacon-enable network, device simply transmits
its data using unslotted CSMA/CA
Communication to a coordinator
In a beacon-enabled network
Communication to a coordinator
In a non beacon-enabled network
Data Transmissions
(2) Data transferred from coordinator to device
In a beacon-enable network,
network the coordinator indicates in
the beacon that the data is pending.
pending Device periodically
listens to the beacon and transmits a MAC command
request using slotted CSMA/CA if necessary.
In a non beacon-enable network,
network a device transmits a
MAC command request using unslotted CSMA/CA.
CSMA/CA If the
coordinator has its pending data, the coordinator transmits
data frame using unslotted CSMA/CA.
CSMA/CA Otherwise,
coordinator transmits a data frame with zero length
payload.
payload
Data Transmissions (Indirect mode)

indirect transmission
pending list
Communication from a coordinator

in a non beacon-enabled network
Communication from a coordinator
In a beacon-enabled network
Indirect transmissions
Since the standard favors very low cost devices that,
in general, will be battery powered, transactions can
be instigated from the devices themselves rather than
from the coordinator.
either coordinator indicates in its beacon when messages
are pending for devices
or devices polls the coordinator to determine if they have any
messages pending.
Such transfers are called indirect transmissions.
transmissions
For each transaction sent, if another exists for the

same device, the coordinator sets its frame pending
subfield to 1, indicating the additional pending data.
Like more data flag used in IEEE 802.11
Pending Address Field

maximal 7 addresses
Beacon Frame
Message sequence chart
macAckWaitDuration
macAckWaitDuration
Extracting pending data

The transmits beacons include the pending address lists
The maximal number of addresses in pending list is
7.
If the coordinator has enough time to determine whether the device has
a frame pending and is still able to send the ACK frame within
macAckWaitDuration symbols,
it sets the actual frame pending subfield of the ACK frame.
Otherwise, the coordinator set the frame pending subfield of the ACK frame
to 1 (i.e., announce first)
If there is no pending data, coordinator will send a data frame containing 0
length payload to device, and without requesting ACK
Drawback : waste devices power
macAckWaitDuration is set as
120 symbols, if 0 channel 10 (868/915MHz)
54 symbols, if 11 channel 26 (2.4GHz)
Data Service
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Datafram
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Ackn
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CPS-DATA.confirm
Recipient
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CPS-DATA.indication
Peer-to-Peer Data Transfers

In order to do this effectively, the devices wishing to
communicate will either need to be receiving
constantly or they will need to synchronize with each
other.
In the former case, the device can simply transmit its
data using unslotted CSMA-CA. In the latter case,
other measures need to be taken in order to achieve
synchronization.
Contention access period (CAP)

The CAP shall be at least aMinCAPLength (=440)
symbols, unless additional space is needed to
temporarily accommodate
the beacon frame length needed to perform GTS
maintenance
the size of the CFP
MAC command frames shall always be transmitted in

the CAP
Frame Types
MAC command frames
Inter-frame spacing
The MAC sublayer needs a finite amount of time to
process data received by the PHY layer.
Needs inter-frame spacing (IFS) period.
The length of the IFS period is dependent on the size

of the frame that has just been transmitted.
Frames (MPDUs) of up to aMaxSIFSFrameSize (=18 octets)
shall be followed by a short inter-frame spacing (SIFS) period
The SIFS duration aMinSIFSPeriod (=12) symbols
Frames (MPDUs) with lengths greater than

aMaxSIFSFrameSize shall be followed by a long inter-frame
spacing (LIFS)
The LIFS duration aMinLIFSPeriod (=40) symbols
Inter-frame spacing
CSMA-CA Algorithm
The LR-WPAN uses two types of channel access

mechanism, depending on the network
configuration.
1. Non beacon-enabled networks use an unslotted CSMA-CA
channel access mechanism.
2. Beacon-enabled networks use a slotted CSMA-CA channel
access mechanism.
In both cases, the algorithm is implemented using units of time

called backoff periods, where one backoff period shall be equal
to aUnitBackoffPeriod (=20) symbols.
CSMA-CA Algorithm
In slotted CSMA-CA, the backoff period boundaries shall be
aligned with the superframe slot boundaries
the start of the first backoff period of each device is aligned with the
start of the beacon transmission.
In unslotted CSMA-CA, the backoff periods of one device are

not related in time to the backoff periods of any other device in
the PAN.
The CSMA-CA algorithm shall not be used for the transmission
of
beacon frames
acknowledgement frames
data frames transmitted in the CFP.
CSMA-CA Algorithm
Each device shall maintain three variables for each
transmission attempt:
NB (no. of backoff also known as retry count) (4)

CW (contention window size, perform PHY CCA)
BE (backoff exponent)
NB is the number of times the CSMA-CA algorithm was required

to backoff while attempting the current transmission; this value
shall be initialized to 0 before each new transmission attempt.
CW is the contention window length, defining the number of
backoff periods that need to be clear of channel activity before
the transmission can commence; this value shall be initialized to
2 before each transmission attempt. The CW variable is only
used for slotted CSMA-CA.
BE is the backoff exponent which is related to how many
backoff periods a device shall wait before attempting to assess
a channel.
CSMA-CA Algorithm
macBattLifeExt flag : This indicates whether battery life extension, by
reduction of coordinator receiver operation time during the CAP, is enabled.
(default : FALSE)
macBattLifeExtPeriods : the number of backoff periods during which the receiver
is enabled following a beacon in battery life extension mode. (active shorter and
sleep more)
This value is dependent on the currently selected logical channel
For phyCurrentChannel (0-10), this value is equal to 8.
For phyCurrentChannel (11-26), this value is equal to 6.
macMinBE value : The minimum value of the backoff exponent in the CSMACA algorithm.
If this value is set to 0, collision avoidance is disabled during the first iteration of
the algorithm.
Values :0-3 (default : 3)
aMaxBE value : The maximum value of the backoff exponent in the CSMACA algorithm.
Value = 5 (that is, max 32 backoff slots)
The CSMA-CA algorithm

In unslotted systems, or slotted systems with macBattLifeExt
set to FALSE,
BE = macMinBE (=3 default)
In slotted systems with macBattLifeExt set to TRUE, this value

shall be initialized to
BE = min(2, macMinBE)
For each transmission, the MAC delay for a random number of

backoff periods in the range [0,2BE-1]
If the number of backoff periods is greater than the remaining
number of backoff periods in the CAP, the MAC shall pause the
backoff countdown at the end of the CAP and resume it at the start
of the CAP in the next superframe.
As backoff time is up, the PHY perform a clear channel assessment
(CCA) twice since CW=2
Flow Chart
Channel Scan
Four channel scans
Active scan
Passive scan
Orphan scan
Energy detection scan
All devices shall be capable of performing passive

and orphan scans across a specified list of channels.
An FFD shall be able to perform energy detection and
active scans.
Energy detection channel scan

FFD obtain the peak energy in each requested
channel.
A PAN coordinator select a channel for a new PAN.
During an energy detection scan, the MAC sublayer
shall discard all frames received over the PHY layer
data service.
Active channel scan

An active scan allows an FFD to locate any existing
coordinator transmitting beacon frames within its POS
This is used by PAN coordinator to select a PAN
identifier prior to starting a new PAN, or it could be
used by a device prior to association.
association
Passive channel scan

A passive scan, like an active scan, allows a device to
locate any coordinator transmitting beacon frames
within its POS.
The beacon request command, however, is not
transmitted. This type of scan could be used by a
device prior to association.
association
Orphan channel scan

Allows a device to attempt to relocate its coordinator following a
loss of synchronization.
If a coordinator receives the orphan notification command
it searches its device list for the device sending the command.
If found, it sends a coordinator realignment command to the
orphaned device.
The coordinator realignment command contains
its current PAN identifier

macPANId
its current logical channel
the short address of the orphaned device
The coordinator realignment command shall occur within

aResponseWaitTime symbols.
symbols
The orphan scan shall terminate when
receives a coordinator realignment command
the specified set of logical channels has been scanned.
MAC Command Frame Formats
goto MAC command frame format

Orphaned device realignment

If the next higher layer receives repeated
communications failures following its requests to
transmit data, it concludes that it has been
orphaned.
If the orphan scan is successful, the device
updates its MAC PIB (PAN Information Base) with
the PAN information contained in the coordinator
realignment command.
command
If the orphan scan was unsuccessful, the next
higher layer shall decide what further action need
be taken, e.g. to retry the orphan scan or attempt
to re-associate.
PAN identifier conflict resolution

When two PANs exist in the same POS with the same PAN
identifier.
The coordinator and its devices performs PAN identifier conflict
resolution procedure.
procedure
PAN coordinator detects conflict :

Beacon frame is received by the PAN coordinator with the PAN
coordinator subfield set to 1 and the PAN identifier equal to
macPANId.
macPANId
A PAN ID conflict notification command is received by the PAN
coordinator from a device on its PAN.
Device detects conflict :

Beacon frame is received by the device with the PAN coordinator
subfield set to 1, the PAN identifier equal to macPANId and an
address which is not equal to both macCoordShortAddress and
macCoordExtendedAddress.
macCoordExtendedAddress
PAN identifier conflict resolution

PAN coordinator detects conflict:
Action
first perform an active scan
using the information from the scan, select a new PAN identifier
broadcast the coordinator realignment command containing the
new PAN identifier with the source PAN identifier field equal to the
value in macPANId
Device detects conflict :

Action
it generates the PAN ID conflict notification command and send it
to the PAN coordinator.
If the PAN coordinator receives it correctly, it sends an
acknowledgment frame to confirm receipt.
The PAN coordinator then resolve the conflict as described above.
Starting a PAN
A PAN is started by
an FFD
after an active channel scan
a suitable PAN identifier is selected
The algorithm for selecting a suitable PAN

identifier from the list of PAN descriptors returned
from the active channel scan procedure is out of
the scope of this standard.
The FFD sets macShortAddress to a value less
than 0xffff.
0xffff
Beacon generation
A device transmits beacon frames only if macShortAddress
0xffff.
The FFD may either begin beacon transmission as the PAN
coordinator of a new PAN or as a device on a previously
established PAN.
The address used in the source address field of the beacon
frame shall contain
aExtendedAddress when macShortAddress = 0xfffe
macShortAddress otherwise.
All beacon frames shall be transmitted at the beginning of each

superframe at an interval equal to aBaseSuperframeDuration * 2n
symbols, where n is the value of macBeaconOrder.
macBeaconOrder
Device discovery
An FFD may indicate its presence on a PAN to
other devices by transmitting beacon frames.
This allows the other devices to perform device
discovery.
Association
A device first performs active or passive channel scan
Then choose a suitable PAN
Sent an associate request command frame to the PAN
coordinator and waits the returned acknowledgement frame
The ack frame does not mean that the device has associated
The coordinator decides within aResponseWaitTime symbols
Receive an association response command frame with

status code from coordinator
Success : contains a short address to the device
Failure : sufficient resources are not available
Following the selection of a PAN, it sets
phyCurrentChannel
macPANId
macCoordExtendedAddress
or macCoordShortAddress,
associate request command frame
Association Request Command Format
FFD/RFD
Association
If the association is successful, the device shall
store the addresses of the coordinator with which
it has associated.
the short address of the coordinator (contained in the
beacon) is stored in macCoordShortAddress
the extended address of the coordinator (contained in
the MAC header of the association response command
frame) is stored in macCoordExtendedAddress.
Association
The device also stores the assigned short address
into macShortAddress
Three types of macShortAddress
0x0000-0xfffd : for data communications
0xfffe : still uses 64-bit extended address even associated
0xffff : not associated yet
Disassociation
When a coordinator wants one of its associated
devices to leave the PAN, it shall send the
disassociation notification command frame to the
device using indirect transmission.
transmission
disassociation notification command frame
Frame Transmission
If the source address (SA) field is not present, the
originator of the frame shall be assumed to be the PAN
coordinator.
If the destination address (DA) field is not present, the
recipient of the frame shall be assumed to be the PAN
coordinator.
If both SA and DA addresses are present, the MAC shall
compare the destination and source PAN identifiers
If the PAN identifiers are identical, the intra PAN subfield of the
frame control field shall be set to 1 and the source PAN
identifier shall be omitted from the transmitted frame.
Save bandwidth, only carry the destination PAN identifier
If the PAN identifiers are different, the intra PAN subfield of the
frame control field shall be set to 0 and both destination and
source PAN identifier fields shall be included in the
transmitted frame.
Frame reception and rejection

1. The frame type subfield shall not contain an illegal frame type.
2. If the frame type indicates that the frame is a beacon frame,
frame
the source PAN identifier shall match macPANId unless
macPANId is equal to 0xffff, in which case the beacon frame
shall be accepted regardless of the source PAN identifier.
3. If a destination PAN identifier is included in the frame, it shall
match macPANId or shall be the broadcast PAN identifier
(0xffff).
(0xffff)
4. If a short DA is included in the frame, it shall match either
macShortAddress or the broadcast address (0xffff).
(0xffff) Otherwise,
it shall match aExtendedAddress.
aExtendedAddress
5. If only SA fields are included in a data or MAC command
frame, the frame shall only be accepted if the device is a PAN
coordinator and the source PAN identifier matches macPANId.
macPANId
Acknowledgment Request Mechanism

Acknowledgement request (AR) subfield set to 0
Beacon frame
Acknowledgment frame
Any broadcast frame
The transmission of an acknowledgement frame in

the CAP shall commence at a backoff slot boundary.
Retransmissions
If direct transmission
fails, the device
retransmits the frame
and waiting for the ACK,
up to a maximum of
aMaxFrameRetries
times.
success
fail after retry
success after retry
GTS allocation and management

Guaranteed time slot (GTS) allows a device to
operate on the channel without interferences.
A GTS only be allocated by the PAN coordinator and
is used for communications between PAN coordinator
and device.
device
A data frame transmitted in an allocated GTS shall
use only short address
The PAN coordinator shall send all frames within a
receive GTS with AR=1
The PAN coordinator may allocate up to seven GTSs
at the same time, provided there is sufficient capacity
in the superframe.
GTS allocation and management

A single GTS occupies one or more superframe slots
GTSs are allocated on a first-come-first-served basis and all GTSs shall
be placed contiguously at the end of the superframe and after the CAP
For each GTS, the PAN coordinator records
starting slot
length (in superframe slots)
direction
associated device address
For each allocated GTS, the device records

starting slot
length
direction
GTS Allocation
initiated by a device
Inform the GTS
GTS request command frame

GTS request command frame
0: receive
0: GTS allocation
1: transmit
1: GTS deallocation
(devices view)
GTS Deallocation
initiated by a device
initiated by coordinator
GTS reallocation
deallocated
compact
GTS expiration
The PAN coordinator attempts to detect when a
device has stopped using a GTS using the
following rules:
For a transmit GTS (uplink),
(uplink) the PAN coordinator does
not receive data frames from the device at least every
2*n superframes
For receive GTSs (downlink),
(downlink) the PAN coordinator does
not receive ACK frames from the device at least every
2*n superframes
The value of n is defined as follows:

n = 2(8-macBeaconOrder)
n=1
0 macBeaconOrder 8
9 macBeaconOrder 14
General MAC frame format
frame control field

Frame control field

Frame type
Beacon (000)
Data (001)
Acknowledgment (010)
MAC command (011)
Security enabled subfield (like WEP bit in 802.11)

Encrypted (1)
No Encryption (0)
Frame pending subfield (like More bit in 802.11)

Device sending the frame has additional data to send (1)
No more data (0)
Used in CAP only
Acknowledgment request subfield

Need ACK (1)
Bypass ACK(0)
Frame control field

Intra PAN subfield
both DA and SA are present and the frame should not contain the
source PAN identifier field (1)
both DA and SA are present and the frame shall contain both
destination and source PAN identifier fields (0)
Destination addressing mode subfield

Source addressing mode subfield
Sequence number field

The sequence number field is 8-bits in length
In the case of a beacon frame, the sequence
number field shall specify a beacon sequence
number (BSN).
(BSN)
Each coordinator shall store its current BSN value in the
MAC PIB attribute macBSN and initialize it to a random
value.
In the case of a data, acknowledgment or MAC

command frame, the sequence number field shall
specify a data sequence number (DSN) that is
used to match an acknowledgment frame to the
data or MAC command frame.
PAN identifier field

16-bits in length
Destination PAN ID
A value of 0xffff in this field shall represent the
broadcast PAN identifier which shall be accepted as a
valid PAN identifier by all devices currently listening to
the channel.
Source PAN ID
Appear in the MAC frame only if
source addressing mode = 1
intra PAN subfields = 0
Address fields
Either 16- or 64-bits in length, according to the
value specified in the source/destination
addressing mode subfield of the frame control
field.
CRC-16
Format of individual frame types

There are four defined frame types:
Beacon
Data
Acknowledgment
MAC command.
Beacon frame format

Beacon frame
BO
SO
specifies the final
superframe slot in CAP
Superframe specification field

The battery life extension subfield indicates frames
transmitted to the beaconing device during the CAP
are required to start in or before the sixth full backoff
period following the beacons IFS period. Otherwise,
the battery life extension subfield shall be set to 0.
Beacon frame format
=0 always appear
>0
the direction of data frame
transmission by the device
GTS descriptor
Pending address information fields

Beacon frame
3-bit
3-bit
Address list field

The size of the address list field is determined by
the values specified in the pending address
specification field of the beacon frame.
The address list shall not contain the broadcast
short address 0xffff.
The maximum number of addresses pending shall
be limited to seven and may be comprised of both
short and extended addresses.
All pending short addresses appear first in the
list followed by any extended addresses
Data frame format

The address length is depending on following parameters
defined in frame control field
Destination addressing mode subfield
Source addressing mode subfield
The sequence number is the data sequence number (DSN)
variable
(DSN)
Acknowledgment frame format

The frame pending subfield in frame control field
shall be set according to whether the device
sending the ACK frame has more data pending
for the recipient.
MAC command frame format

variable
Association request command

The source addressing mode subfield of the frame
control field shall be set to 3 (64-bit extended
addressing).
The destination addressing mode subfield shall be set
to the same mode as indicated in the beacon frame.
The destination address field shall contain the
coordinators address from the beacon frame.
The source PAN identifier field shall contain the
broadcast PAN identifier (0xffff).
(0xffff) The source address
field shall contain the value of aExtendedAddress.
aExtendedAddress
Association request command

3+14 or 3+20
Capability information field

Alternate PAN coordinator subfield
the device can act as a PAN coordinator (1)
Otherwise (0)
Device type subfield

the device is an FFD (1)
the device is a RFD (0)
power source subfield

the device is receiving power from the alternating
current mains (1)
Otherwise (0)
receiver on when idle subfield

device does not disable its receiver to conserve power
during idle periods (1)
Otherwise (0)
Capability information field

Security capability subfield
the device is capable of sending and receiving MAC
frames secured using the security suite (1)
Otherwise (0)
Allocate Address subfield

the device request a short address (1)
Otherwise; the special short address of 0xfffe shall be
allocated to the device and returned through the association
response command (0)
Association response command

3+20
Short address filed

0xffff : the coordinator was not able to associate this device
to its PAN (the association status field contains the reason
for the failure)
0xfffe : the device has been successfully associated with a
PAN but has not been allocated a short address
0x0000-0xfffd : the device has been successfully associated
with a PAN and has been allocated a short address.
Association status field
Disassociation notification command

3+14
Either the coordinator or an associated device

may send the disassociate notification command.
DA = aExtendedAddress (Coordevice) or
DA = macCoordExtendedAddress (deviceCoor)
SA = aExtendedAddress.
Disassociation reason field
Data request command
All devices shall be capable of transmitting this

command, although an RFD is not required to be
capable of receiving it.
PAN ID conflict notification command
The PAN ID conflict notification command is sent by a

device to the PAN coordinator when a PAN identifier
conflict is detected.
Orphan notification command
The orphan notification command is used by an

associated device that has lost synchronization with
its coordinator.
Beacon request command
The beacon request command is used by a

device to locate all coordinators within its POS
during an active scan.
This command is optional for an RFD.
Coordinator realignment command
The coordinator realignment command is sent by a

coordinator :
following the reception of an orphan notification command
from a device that is recognized to be on its PAN
when any of its PAN configuration attributes change.
If the coordinator realignment command is broadcast

to the PAN, the short address field shall be set to 0xffff
and ignored on reception.
GTS allocation and deallocation

GTS request command format
1 : allocation
0: deallocation
An associated device uses this command to

request the allocation of a new GTS or the
deallocation of an existing GTS.
MAC Constants (1/2)
MAC Constants (2/2)
MAC PIB
Attributes
MAC PIB Attributes (1/3)
MAC PIB security attributes
Elements of ACL entry descriptor
PAN start message sequence chart - PAN

coordinator
Energy
detection
scan
Association
message
sequence
chart device
Passive
scan
message
sequence
chart
Data
transmission
message
sequence
chart originator
Data
transmission
message
sequence
chart recipient
More Information
www.IEEE802.org
http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html
Thank You.
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IEEE 802.15.

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 2

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 3

IEEE Project 802 Standards

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 4

IEEE 802.15 Working Group

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 5

Sensors & actuators

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 6

New Trend of Wireless Technology

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 7

TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET

Reference from ZigBee Alliance Inc.

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 8

Reference from ZigBee Alliance Inc.

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 9

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 10

Reference from ZigBee Alliance Inc.

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 11

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 12

What is unique about wireless PAN (WPAN)?

Typically operating in the Personal Operating

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 13

Provide the optional Superframe structure

Dynamic device addressing

Two kinds of address of a device

16-bit Short Address

Fully acknowledged protocol for transfer reliability.

Device Classes in WPAN

The FFD can operate in three modes serving

The RFD can only operate in a mode serving:

Coordinator provides synchronization information to

Reduced function device (RFD)

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 17

Peer-to-peer network formation:

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 18

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 19

Cluster Tree Topology

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 20

Cluster Tree Establishment

WPAN Addressing Methods

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 22

activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver

Functions in MAC sublayer

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 23

2. 802.15.4 Physical Layer

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 24

2450 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 25

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 26

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 27

Operating Frequency Range

A total of 27 channels, numbered 0 to 26, are available

CGU NDSL LR-WPAN - 28

Transmit Center Frequency Tolerance

Packet strength indication

Receiver jamming resistance