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Physics Project: By: Rajesh Bansal Class: Xii C
Physics Project: By: Rajesh Bansal Class: Xii C
Physics Project: By: Rajesh Bansal Class: Xii C
Topic: Cyclotron
Teacher: Mr. S.P. Dixit Sir
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CYCLOTRON
The Cyclotron is a machine to accelerate
Charged Particles or Ions to high energies.
It was convented by E.O. Lawerence and M.S.
Livingston in 1932 to investigate nuclear
structure.
The Cyclotron uses both Electric and Magnetic
fields in combination to increase the energy
charged particles.
As the fields are perpendicular to each other
they are also called Crossed fields.
Cyclotron uses the fact that the frequency of
revolution of the charged particles in a
magnetic field is independent of its energy.
T=
HISTORY
Cyclotron Patent
(1945).
Leningrad instrument was first proposed in 1932
by George Gamow and Lev Mysovskii (ru) and was
installed and became operative by 1937.
In Nazi Germany a Cyclotron was built in
Heidelberg under supervision of Walther Bothe
and Wolfgang Gentner, with support from the
Heereswaffenamt, and became operative in 1943.
Cyclotron
Working
PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
Cyclotrons accelerated charged particles beam
using a high frequency alternating voltage which
is applied between two D-shaped electrodes (also
called dees)
An additional Magnetic field (B) is applied in
perpendicular direction to the electrode plane,
enabling particles to re-encounter the accelerating
voltage many times at the same phase, to achieve
this the voltage frequency must match the
particles cyclotron resonance frequency with the
relativistic mass m and its charge q.
f=
Particle
Acceleratio
n
PARTICLE ENERGY
Since the particles are accelerated by the voltage
many times, the final energy of the particles is
not dependent on the accelerating voltage but the
diameter of the accelerating chamber, the dees.
Cyclotrons can only accelerate particles to speeds
much slower than thespeed of light,
nonrelativisticspeeds. For nonrelativistic
particles, the centripetal force Fcrequired to
keep them in their curved path is
Fc =
Where
FB = qvB
q
where
is the Particle's charge. The particles reach their
maximum energy at the periphery of the dees, where the
radius of their path is r
= qvB
E = mv2 = q2B2R2
Radiation
Therapy
RELATIVISTIC
CONSIDERATIONS
Inthe nonrelativistic approximation, the frequency
does not depend upon the radius of the particle's
orbit, since the particle's mass is constant.
As the beam spirals out, its frequency does not
decrease, and it must continue to accelerate, as it is
travelling a greater distance in the same time period.
In contrast to this approximation, as particles
approach thespeed of light, theirrelativistic mass
increases, requiring either modifications to the
frequency, leading to thesynchrocyclotron, or
modifications to the magnetic field during the
acceleration, which leads to theisochronous cyclotron.
m= =
Where m0 is the Particles mass ,
is relative velocity and,
= is theLorentz factor.
f= =
w=2= = =
where
in classical approximation.
Thegyroradiusfor
frequency
a particle moving in a
static magnetic field is then given by
r= = =
because,
wr = v =
where v would be the (linear) velocity.
Types Of Cyclotron
Cyclotron
Isochronous
Cyclotron
Synchrocyclotr
on
ISOCHRONOUS
1. CYCLOTRON
This
solution for focusing the particle beam was
proposed byL. H. Thomasin 1938.
Recalling the relativisticgyroradius
SYNCHROCYCLOTRO
N
A synchrocyclotron is a cyclotron in which the
frequency of the driving RF electric field is varied
to compensate for relativistic effects as the
particles' velocity begins to approach the speed of
light.
This is in contrast to the classical cyclotron,
where the frequency was held constant, thus
leading to the synchrocyclotron operation
frequency being
f= =
where,
USAGE
For several decades, cyclotrons were the best
source of high-energy beams fornuclear physics
experiments; several cyclotrons are still in use
for this type of research.
The results enable the calculation of various
properties, such as the mean spacing between
atoms and the creation of various collision
products.
Subsequent chemical and particle analysis of the
target material may give insight into
nuclear transmutationof the elements used in
the target.
RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
Notable Examples
(1) One of the world's largest cyclotrons is at the