Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Storage Tanks 140705141053 Phpapp01
Storage Tanks 140705141053 Phpapp01
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL
3. DESIGN CODES
4. TYPE OF TANKS
5. SELECTION OF TANKS
6. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
7. DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
Shell design
Bottom Plate design
Wind girder design
8. SEISMIC ANALYSIS
9. ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENT
10. VENTING OF TANKS
11. ROOF TO SHELL JOINT DETAIL
12. REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT
13. ROOF STRUCTURE DESIGN
14. FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATION
15. TYPE OF FLOATING ROOF AND ITS ACCESSORIES
16. CALCULATION OF THICKNESS BY VARIABLE POINT METHOD
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Storage tanks are designed for internal pressure approximating atmospheric
pressure, or internal pressure not exceeding the weight of the roof plates.
Higher internal pressure upto 2.5 psi is permitted when additional
requirement are met.
Maximum operating temperature of 90 C is allowed however for higher
temperature upto 260 C allowable stress modification to be done.
Tank designed for one product can store other product of differing relative
density(always of lesser density)
Height-to-diameter ratio is often a function of the processing requirements,
available land area and height limitations.
DESIGN CODES
Following are the codes for the design of welded steel storage tanks,
API 650
BS 2654
For non-refrigerated, above ground storage
IS 803
API 12F
API 653
API 620
IS 10987
BS 4994
TYPES OF TANKS
The above ground storage tanks of large capacity are categorised based
on the type of roof as follows,
S to ra g e T a n k
F ix e d r o o f
C one R oof
S im p ly S u p p o r te d
In te rn a l ra fte r ty p e
In te rn a l tru s s ty p e
R a fte r w ith C e n tr a l c o lu m n
F lo a t in g r o o f
D om e R oof
O p e n to p
C lo s e d to p
S in g le D e c k
D o u b le D e c k
S in g le D e c k
D o u b le D e c k
SELECTION OF TANK
Selection of specific type of tank and type of roof depends upon the
intended service conditions, such as the product being stored, its vapor
pressure and corrosive nature and anticipated weather and loading
conditions.
Cone roof tanks are recommended for products with lower vapor
pressure or with less emission control requirement.
Even for products with higher vapor pressure, cone roof tanks can be
used if the product capacity is less and necessary venting and
blanketing arrangements are provided.
Cone roof tanks are cheaper and easier to construct. Maintenance is
very simple.
Floating roof tanks are recommended for storing products of higher
volatility. The steel deck provide good insulation over the entire
surface of the liquid.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
Following are the common plate material used for construction of tanks,
A 36
upto 40 mm
A 283 Gr C
upto 25 mm
A 285 Gr C
upto 25 mm
A 131 Gr A
upto 12.5 mm
A 131 Gr B
upto 25 mm
A 516 Gr 55,60,65,70
upto 40 mm
A 537 Cl1, Cl2
upto 45 mm
The minimum tensile strength of materials used in construction of tanks are
between 55000 psi to 85000 psi.
Carbon content between 0.15% to 0.25%
Low carbon steels are soft and ductile, easily sheared, rolled and formed into
various shapes easily. Easy for welding and gives joints of uniform strength
relatively free from localised stresses.
Low alloy, high strength steels are also used but it is more difficult to
fabricate, because they have low ductility.
Plates shall be semi killed as minimum and fully killed and made to fine grain
practice or normalised as required.
For material with minimum tensile strength upto 80 ksi, the manual metal
arc-welding electrodes shall conform to E60 and E70 classification series.
For material with minimum tensile strength of 80 ksi to 85 ksi, electrodes
shall conform to E80 series.
Thickness of annular plate shall be obtained from the table given below.
Radial width of annular plate at any point around the circumference of the
tank shall be either Aw1 or Aw2, whichever is greater
Aw1= X + t + Y + L
where, X = 24 or as per Appendix E.4.2 X=0.0274 WL/GH
whichever is greater
t = Provided thickness of the lowest course
Y = Projection of annular plate outside the shell
L = Annular-sketch plate lap
WL = Weight of tank contents
Aw2= 390 tb/ (HG)0.5
where, tb = Thickness of the annular plate
Add the transposed widths of the courses. The sum of the transposed widths
of the courses will give the height of the transformed shell
If Wtr is greater than H1 an intermediate wind girder is required.
For equal stability above and below the intermediate wind girder, the girder
should be located at the mid height of the transformed shell.
If half the height of the transformed shell exceeds the than H 1 a second
intermediate wind girder shall be used to reduce the height of unstiffened
shell to a height less than the maximum.
Overturning stability considering wind load shall be checked as follows:
Overturning moment from wind pressure shall not exceed two-thirds of the
dead load resisting moment.
M less than or equal to 2/3(WD/2) for unanchored tanks
where, M = overturning moment from wind pressure
W = shell weight available to resist uplift, less any CA, plus dead
weight
supported by the shell minus simultaneous uplift from
operating
conditions such as internal pressure
SEISMIC ANALYSIS
The design procedure considers two response modes of the tanks and its
contents:
a. The relatively high-frequency amplified response to lateral ground motion
of the tank shell and roof, together with the portion of the liquid contents that
moves in unison with the shell.
b. The relatively low-frequency amplified response of the portion of the liquid
contents that moves in fundamental sloshing mode.
The design requires the determination of the hydrodynamic mass associated
with each mode and the lateral force and overturning moment applied to the
shell as a result of the response of the masses to lateral ground motion.
The overturning moment due to seismic forces applied to the bottom of the
shell shall be determined as follows:
M = ZI (C1WSXS + C1WrXt+ C1W1X1 + C2W2X2)
where, Z = seismic zone factor
I = Importance factor as per Appendix E
WL = 7.9tb(FbyGH)1/2
where, WL = maximum weight of the tank contents that may be used to resist
the shell overturning moment, in lb/ft of shell circumference.
tb = thickness of the bottom plate under the shell(in.)
Fby = minimum specified yield strength of the bottom plate under the
shell (lb/in.2)
G = design specific gravity of the liquid to be stored
Now, calculate Wt, weight of tank shell & portion of fixed roof supported by
the shell, in lb/ft of shell circumference.
When M/[D2(Wt + WL )] is greater than 1.57 the tank is structurally unstable.
When the tank is unstable any one of the following measures shall be carried
out:
a. Increase the thickness of the bottom plate t b under the shell.
b. Increase the shell thickness, t.
c. Change the proportions of the tank to increase the diameter and reduce the
height.
d. Anchor the tank.
ANCHORAGE REQUIREMENT
Tank anchorage shall be provided if there exists a tendency for the shell and
the bottom plate, close to the shell, to lift off its foundations due to the
following reasons,
Uplift on an empty tank due to internal design pressure counteracted
by
the effective weight of roof and shell.
Uplift due to internal design pressure in combination with wind loading
counteracted by effective weight of roof and shell, plus the effective
weight of product considered .
The anchorage shall not be attached to the bottom plate only but principally
to the shell.
The design shall accommodate movements of the tank due to thermal changes
and hydrostatic pressure and reduce any induced stresses in the shell to a
minimum.
If an anchored tank is not properly designed, its shell can be susceptible to
tearing.
Care should be taken to ensure that the strength of the anchorage attachments
is greater than the specified minimum yield strength of the anchors so that the
anchors yield before the attachment fail.
The spacing between anchors shall not exceed 10ft. On tanks less than 50ft in
diameter, the spacing between anchors shall not exceed 6ft.
Minimum diameter of anchor bolts shall be 1in. excluding corrosion all.
VENTING OF TANKS
Venting is required for all tanks.
The venting system provided shall cater for the following:
a) normal vacuum relief
b) normal pressure relief
c) emergency pressure relief
Normal venting is accomplished by a pressure relief valve, a vacuum relief
valve, a pressure vacuum(PV) valve or an open vent with or without a flamearresting device.
Emergency venting is by means of the following:
Larger or additional valves or open vents.
A gauge hatch that permits the cover to lift under abnormal internal
pressure.
A manhole cover that lifts when exposed to abnormal internal pressure.
By means of frangible joint.
Now select any standard venting device like open vent, open vent with flame
arrester or Pressure/Vacuum valve
Once the type and size of venting device is selected, the flow capacity of the
device iQc, oQc will be known.
Required number of device Ni shall be as follows:
For inbreathing Ni = iQt/iQc
For outbreathing No = oQt/oQc
Sample design of Roof Vent:
Condition:
Tank capacity : 11,200 m3
Tank diameter : 35,000 mm (114.8 ft)
Tank height : 15,400 mm (50.5 ft)
Max. filling rate : 2,600 m3/hr (16,354 bbl/hr)
Max. emptying rate : 2,150 m3/hr (13,524 bbl/hr)
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT
Openings in tank shells larger than a NPS 2 nozzle shall be reinforced.
The minimum cross sectional area of the required reinforcement shall not be
less than the product of the vertical diameter of the hole cut in the shell and
the required plate thickness.
Reinforcement may be provided by one or any combination of the following:
a. The reinforcing plate
b. The portion of the neck
c. Excess shell-plate thickness.
d. The material in the nozzle neck. The area in the neck available for
reinforcement shall be reduced by the ratio of allowable stress in the neck to
shell.
The effective area of reinforcement provided by the neck is as follows,
a. The portion extending outward from the outside surface of the tank shell
plate to a distance equal to four times the neck-wall thickness
Step 4:
C
P/15
P/15
ht
Ha
Hb
Ra
D/2=r
Rb
The top deck provides an insulating air space over the entire area and boiling
losses are held to a minimum.
The deck slopes to one or more drainage points and open emergency overflow
drains protect the roof from excessive water loads.
Internal floating roofs is a fixed roof tank with a floating roof inside.
The fixed roof provides a shade from the sun, protection from the wind and
also keeps the rain and snow off the floating roof.
Pontoon design:
Floating roofs shall have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat on liquid with a
specific gravity of 0.7 and with primary drains inoperative for the following
conditions:
a. 250 mm(10 in.) of rainfall in a 24-hour period with the roofs intact, except
for double-deck roofs provided with emergency drains to keep water to a
lesser volume that the roofs will safely support. Such emergency drains shall
not allow the product to flow onto the roof.
b. Single-deck and any two adjacent pontoon compartments punctured in
single-deck pontoon roofs and may any two adjacent compartments
punctured in double-deck roofs, both roof types with no water or live load.
ACCESSORIES:
Following are the accessories of floating roofs:
Roof drain
Emergency drain
Bleeder vent
Rim vent
Foam seal
Supporting legs
Anti-rotation devices
Automatic tank gauging
Rolling ladder
Roof drain:
Roof drains are for removing water from floating roofs in open top tanks.
These drains are made out of pipes with swing joint assembly.
These pipe drains are also called as flexible pipe drains as these pipes extends
and shrinks with the varying level of the roof which depends on the product
height.
Emergency drain:
Water automatically drains into the tank when it reaches a certain level on
the roof. Rainwater cannot collect on the roof to endanger the safety of the
floating roof .
Bleeder vent:
Vents the air from under a floating roof when the tank is being filled initially.
After the liquid rises enough to float the roof off its supports the vent
automatically closes. When the tank is being emptied the vent is
automatically opened just before the roof lands on its support.
Rim vents:
Rim vents are provided to release any excess pressure in the rim space after
the roof is floating.
Foam seals:
One of the important component of a floating roof is the primary seal
between the floating roof and the tank shell.
A good seal closes the space effectively, yet permits normal roof movement
while protecting against evaporation loses.
Supporting legs:
Floating roof shall be provided with supporting legs.
Legs fabricated from pipe shall be notched or perforated at the bottom to
provide drainage.
The length of legs shall be adjustable from the top side of the roof.
The operating and cleaning position levels of the supporting legs shall be
specified of fixing the adjustable positions.
The legs and attachments shall be designed to support the roof and a uniform
live load of at least 1.2 kPa(25 lb/ft2)
Steel pads shall be used to distribute the leg loads on the bottom of the tank.
Anti-rotation device:
Required to prevent floating roofs from rotating and damaging rolling ladder,
pipe drains and seal.
A guided pole is used as anti-rotation device. The pole is fixed at the top and
bottom and passes through a well. The guide pole can additionally used as
gauging or sampling device.
Rolling ladder:
Rolling ladder provides safe and easy access from top of the tank to the
floating roof.
On floating roof a runway is provided, over this runway the ladder provided
with spark proof wheels will travel.
These ladders are provided with self-leveling treads.
h1/(rt1)0.5
where,
h1 = height of the bottom shell course
r = nominal tank radius
t1 = actual thickness of the bottom shell course, less any
thickness added for CA used to calculate t2
If the value of the ratio is less than or equal to 1.375,
t2 = t1
If the value of the ratio is greater than or equal to 2.625,
t2 = t2a
If the value of the ratio is greater than 1.375 but less than 2.625,
t2 = t2a + (t1 - t2 a)[2.1-(h1/1.25(rt1)0.5]
where,
t2 = minimum design thickness of the second shell course
excluding any CA
t2a = thickness of the second shell course as calculated for an
upper shell course as calculated as described below
Design Data
Type of Tank :
:92 m
:20m
Product Stored
:Crude Oil
0.9
:0.03937 inches
Course width
2.5 m
Capacity of Tank :
132952.2 cu.m.
1 mm
836176.3 barrels
=
=
=
98.424
1811.002
1.63193
inches
inches
inches
applicable formula
t2 = t2a + (t1 - t2a)(2.1 - h1/1.25sqrt(rt1))
t2 = t2a
t2 = t1
1.8327322
First trial:
Course # 2
H = 57.414 ft.
tu =
(2.6D (H-1) G)/Sd
=
1.423024 inches
tl = 1.59256
inches
K = tl/tu = 1.119137
C= k^0.5 (k-1) / (1 + K^1.5)
= 0.05771
a = (rtu)^0.5
50.76514
inches
x1 =
0.61a + 3.84CH
=
43.69006 inches
x2 =
12CH
=
39.7604
inches
x3 =
1.22a
=
61.93347 inches
x = min ( x1, x2, x3)
=
39.7604
inches
x/12 =
3.313367 inches
tdx =
(2.6D (H-x/12)G) / Sd
=
1.36467
inches
Second trial:
H = 57.414
tu = 1.36467
tl = 1.59256
K = tl/tu
1.166992
C= k^0.5 (k-1) / (1 + K^1.5)
0.079798
a = (rtu)^0.5
49.71338
x1 =
0.61a + 3.84CH
=
47.91824
x2 =
12CH
=
54.97837
x3 =
1.22a
=
60.65032
x=
47.91824
x/12 =
3.993187
tdx =
(2.6D (H-x/12)G) / Sd
1.347522
Third trial:
H = 57.414
tu = 1.347522
tl = 1.59256
K = tl/tu
1.181843
C= k^0.5 (k-1) / (1 + K^1.5)
0.086522
a = (rtu)^0.5
49.40005
x1 =
0.61a + 3.84CH
=
49.2095
x2 =
12CH
=
59.61084
x3 =
1.22a
=
60.26806
x=
49.2095
x/12 =
4.100791
tdx =
(2.6D (H-x/12)G) / Sd
=
1.344808
t2a =
t2 =
1.344808
t2a + (t1 - t2a)(2.1 - h1/1.25sqrt(rt1))
1.501837 inches
38.14665 mm
Adding 0.0625 inches corrosion allowance
t2 =
1.541207 inches
39.14665 mm
The third shell course thickness:
First trial:
Course # 3
H=
49.212
tu =
(2.6D(H-1)G)/Sd
1.216132
tl = 1.501837
As explained earlier repeat the steps and calculate the third shell course
thickness.
Similarly, shell thickness of other courses are calculated