Technical Refreshing

Prologue
RF GSM & Basic
Parameter
Drive Test & Reporting
Cases

Prologue

STRONG
FOUNDATIO
N

Build
your
career
with it

Prologue
Career Stage

Bisa karena biasa

Prologue
Career Stage

Bisa karena paham

Prologue
Bisa karena paham

Eager to
learn
continuously

Prologue

Prologue
Strong foundation
Yes, its not the only key.
But it gives you flexibility and
acceleration to your career
track

Adaptiv
e

Fast learner

Prologue
Service Quality

Self
initiate
d

Embrace future
opportunity
Work
smarte
r

RF GSM & Basic Parameter

Um
(Air
Interface)

BTS HW
Configurati
on

Mobility
Managemen
t

Basic
Foundati
on

Basic
Parameter

RF GSM & Basic Parameter

GSM Architecture
MSC/GMSC
BTS
Um

BSC
A

BTS
Um

Packet
network
PSTN

BSC
A
MSC-VLR
Gs

Gr
Packet
SS7
network
Network

HLR/AuC

EIR

SMS-GMSC

BTS HW Configuration
Principally, BTS similar with a computer

CPU

BTS

Build from assembled

modular component

BTS HW Configuration

RF Transmission Principle
power

FDMA

P
time t

Ex: AMPS

power
1

frequency f

P
time t

TDMA
Ex: GSM

TS 3
TS 2
TS 1

frequency f

Um (Air Interface)
BTS

Downlink
DL
MS
Uplink
UL

DL and UL transmitted with different frequency

Um (Air Interface) - Frequency

890

GSM-R
935

GSM
900
E-GSM
876 880

1880

GSM
1800

GSM
900

GSM
1900

E-GSM

915 921 925

960

GSM
1800

[MHz] 1710

1785 180 1850

5

GSM
1900

1910 1930

P-GSM : Primary GSM (GSM900)

E-GSM : Enhanced GSM, sedikit tambahan band pada P-GSM
R-GSM : Railway GSM, digunakan pada sistem Kereta Api
DCS
: Sistem GSM dengan Band baru, 1800 MHz (GSM
1800)

Indonesia adopts GSM 900 & GSM 1800

1990

Um (Air Interface) - Frequency

(880) 890 MHz
1710 MHz

915 MHz
1785 MHz

(925) 935 MHz

1805 MHz

UPLINK (UL)

960 MHz
1880 MHz

DOWNLINK (DL)

Transmit band
of the Mobile Station

Transmit band
of the Base Station

Duplex distance 45 MHz resp. 95 MHz

25 (35) MHz
75 MHz

25 (35) MHz
75 MHz

Guard band
C
1

C
2

C
124
(174)
374

C
3

200 kHz

C C C
1' 2' 3'

C
124'
(174')
374'

C - Radio Frequency Channel (RFC)

GSM900
GSM1800

Um (Air Interface) Logical

Channel
FCCH

DL

BCH
Broadcast Channel

SCH

Frequency synchronization

Time synchronization + BSIC, TDMA-No.

CGI, FR/EFR/HR, VAD/DTX, HSCSD,

BCCH frequency hopping, channel combinations

Signalling CCCH
Common Control
Channel

DCCH
Dedicated Control
Channel

Traffic
User Data

DL
UL

UL
+
DL

PCH

Paging / Searching (MTC)

RACH

Request for signalling channel

AGCH Allocation of signalling channel

Signalling MS BTSE for e.g. Call Setup
SDCCH(Authentication, Cipher start, IMEI check,
Setup info,..) LUP, SMS,...
SACCH Measurement Report,
TA, PC, cell parameters,...
instead of TCH
FACCH Signalling
(e.g. for HOV, IMSI Detach, Call Release)

TCH/F
UL + DL

User data Full Rate

TCH/H User data Half Rate

BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel

FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel AGCH: Access Grant Channel
RACH: Random Access Channel
SCH: Synchronisation Channel
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel
PCH: Paging Channel

SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel

FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel
TCH: Traffic Channel

Mobility Management (MM)

M
M

Idle Mode
Behavior

Dedicated
Mode

MM Idle Mode Behavior

Cell
Selection
Off

Idle
Mode

On

Searching

Cell
Reselectio
n

Camping

MM Cell Selection
Off

On

Searching

Camping

Initially MS off, then turned on

MS searches for GSM network,
selects cell with strongest level,
and camps on it

MM Cell Reselection
MS ON

Will do cell reselection based on applied

criterion;

C1 and C2

MM C1
Database parameter
& Algorithm

C1 = Rxlev RxLevelAccessMin
RxLev
RxLevel aktual yang diterima MS
di lapangan

RxLeAccMin value

RxLev actual

RxLevelAccessMin
RxLevel minimum yang harus
dimiliki MS untuk bisa
mengakses cell terkait. Diatur
dalam database parameter.

MM C1
Database parameter
& Algorithm

C1 = Rxlev RxLevelAccessMin

RxLev (actual)

RxLeAccMin value
Service Mode

RxLev actual

RxLevAccMin
No Service Mode
(Karena di bawah RxLevAccMin)

MM C1
RxLev (actual)

RxLev (actual)

-80 dBm
C1 = -80 (-86)
=6
(Service Mode)

RxLevAccMin = -86 dBm

RxLevAccMin = -86 dBm

C1 = -88 (-86)
= -2
-88 dBm
(No Service Mode)

MM C1 : RxLevAccMin
Adjustment
RxLev (actual)

RxLev (actual)

C1 = -88 (-90)
=2
(Service Mode)

RxLevAccMin = -86 dBm

C1 = -88 (-86)
= -2
-88 dBm
(No Service Mode)

-88 dBm
RxLevAccMin = -90 dBm

MM C2
Database parameter
& Algorithm

C2 & CRO ?
C2 = C1 + CRO

RxLeAccMin value
CRO

CRO
Cell Reselection Offset
Encourage MS reselect to the
desired cell

RxLev actual

MS will reselect to the cell with

highest C2 value and C1 > 0

MM Idle Mode Behavior

dle mode behavior adjustment done for some purposes :

Increase / decrease coverage

(Coverage layering)
Traffic/ Load sharing
SDSR optimization

MM Dedicated Mode
MOC: Mobile Originating Call
MTC : Mobile Terminating Call

Ex: *888#

Cell Reselection to a cell

in different LAC
Back to Home Network

SMS Send/ Receive

MM Dedicated Mode
Mobility Management at Dedicated mode:

Handover
Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate

MM Dedicated Mode
Classification of HO:
Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency
HO
Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
RxLevel_Drop Emergency HO
Interference Emergency HO
Normal HO
Edge HO

MM Dedicated Mode
Mobility Management at Dedicated mode:

Handover
HO Success
HO Success

HO Failure

HO Concept

MM Dedicated Mode
Mobility Management at Dedicated mode:

Handover
General HO process
Measurement report preprocessing
Penalty processing
Basic ranking and Secondary
ranking
HO judgment

MM Dedicated Mode

Handover:
Intra cell
Inter cell
Intra BSC
Inter BSC
Intra MSC
Inter MSC

MM Dedicated Mode

Handover:
MSC 1
BSC A
MSC 2
BSC C

BSC B

DRIVE
TEST

Drive Test
DRIVE TESTING HIGHLIGHTS
Drive Testing merupakan suatu metode pengukuran dan penilaian wilayah
cakupan, kapasitas dan Quality of Service (QoS) dari jaringan radio seluler.
Drive testing di perlukan untuk mengetahui gambaran nyata performance
network di lapangan

Drive Test

Planning
Implementation
Optimization

Drive Test Work

In PLANNING works:
Drive Test Before Installation
Perform drive test before our network implemented. This
data later will be compare with drive test after
implementation, to justify.
Drive Test Before SWAP
Before swap (change operator network), drive testing
needed to compare the current network with the network
after swap. To justify the new network is better than before.

Drive Test Work

In Implementation Works:
Drive Test New Site/ Initial Drive Test
Initiate the drive test after a site on-air. Make sure that site
perform well after on-air.
Test Call New Site
Conducting tests call at a new On-Air site, to justify the
performance of a site just after On-Air.
Drive Test Upgrade/Expand TRX
After implement new TRX or expand TRX, a drive test
performed to justify that site working well with the new TRX.
Drive Test SFH/Hopping implementation
After implement SFH/hopping in the network, a drive test
performed to justify that this hopping solution working well
with the whole network.

Drive Test Work

In Optimization works:
Drive Test Handover/ Add & Delete neighbors
Drive test conducted after theres changing in neighbours database. Make sure the
add really added and the delete really deleted.
Drive Test before & after Downtilt
Downtilt conducting, to get better coverage from each antenna. Drive test
performed to make sure the better coverage from each angle changed.
Drive Test Network Audit
Performing drive test activity to maintain the whole network. Could be an annual
work.
Drive Test Benchmark
performing drive test to get justification about our network. Can compete or not.
With comparing the whole network including 'us in drive test.
Drive Test troubleshooting
Drive test for special troubleshooting case. Such as, a site that cannot handover
from sites surround it, a site that cannot transmit good signal and cannot achieve its
coverage.

Drive Test Mode

Dedicated Long
Call

DT Mode

Sequential/
QoS/
Short Call

Idle Mode

PS Mode

To see the quality and

coverage of the network
To see the real network
performance run, when
people call
To see the coverage and idle
mode behavior

What to See. What to Measure

RxLevel
Level of Received signal strength. In dBm or Steps.
If the value in form of step subtracts 110 to the value to get dBm
value.
RxLevel is received power level at MS (maximum RxLevel
measured by MS is () 40 dBm

What to See. What to Measure

RxQual
Received signal quality level, measured base on BER (bit error
rate).
The value
Good is between 0-7, the lower the better.

Bad

What to See. What to Measure

SQI
used by TEMS to measure Speech Quality.
esigned to cover all factors that RxQual lack
on considers the factors:

ate (BER)
Good
sure rate (FER)
over events
he distribution of these parameters
Bad

What to See. What to Measure

Others
CGI
BCCH-BSIC
Hopping
C/I
C/A
Interference

What to See. What to Measure

CGI (Cell Global Identity)

=
Cell
ID
LAC
MNC
MCC

What to See. What to Measure

CGI (Cell Global Identity)

510
= Indonesia
10
= Telkomsel --- 11 = XL --- 01 = Indosat --- 89 = HCPT
101
= LAC
53601 = Cell Id

What to See. What to Measure

BCCH ARFCN & BSIC

BCCH ARFCN
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Number of Broadcast Control
Channel
BSIC = Base Station Identity Code
BSIC = NCC + BCC
NCC (Network Color Code)
BCC (Base Station Color Code)
NCC = 0 7
BCC = 0 .. 7

What to See. What to Measure

HOPPING

Skema pemancaran dengan frekuensi yang

berubah-ubah
Main Purpose : Reduce interference effect

What to See. What to Measure

FREQUENCY HOPPING

BASEBAND

SYNTHESIZER

All Time Slots on BCCH TRX (BCCH TS,

The BCCH must not hop (FHSYID = 0)SDCCH TS as well as TCH TS) must not
N (Hopping Frequencies) <= N (TRXs) hop
N (Hopping Frequencies) > N (TRXs)

SFH : MAIO & HSN

Frequency group:
A: 1 4 7 10 13
16
B: 2 5 8 11 14
17
C: 3 6 9 12 15
18

BCCH

TRX0

BCCH

BCCH

TRX0
TRX1

f A MAIO = 0

TRX2

f A MAIO = 2

TRX3

f A MAIO = 4

TRX1

f A MAIO = 0

TRX2

f A MAIO = 2

TRX0

f C MAIO = 0

TRX1

f C MAIO = 2

TRX2

TRX0
HSN = 1

TRX1

f BMAIO = 1

TRX2

f BMAIO = 3

TRX0
BCCH

BCCH

TRX0

TRX0

f C MAIO = 0

TRX1

TRX1

f B MAIO = 1

f C MAIO = 2

TRX2

TRX2

f B MAIO = 3

f C MAIO = 4

TRX3

TRX3

f B MAIO = 5

HSN = 3

BCCH

TRX1

f C MAIO = 2

TRX2

BCCH

TRX1

f AMAIO = 0

TRX2

f AMAIO = 2

TRX0

f C MAIO = 0

BCCH

TRX0
HSN = 2

BCCH

TRX1

f BMAIO = 1

TRX2

f BMAIO = 3

C/I and C/A

Carrier to Interference ratio

Co-channel
12 dB : OK
Interference
Adjacent Channel
6 dB : OK

Timing Advance (TA)

GSM memakai sistem TDMA

Transmisi informasi dikirimkan secara urut mulai dari
Timeslot 0 .. 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7

Terkadang user berada di ts 7,

Untuk itulah digunakan mekanisme Timing agar ts

sampai di BTS dalam keadaan urut

Timing Advance (TA)

GSM memakai sistem TDMA

Dengan mekanisme ini, sekaligus dapat
mengetahui jarak antara MS dan BTS.
Hitungan ini didasarkan pada waktu yang
dibutuhkan gelombang dari MS sampai
ke BTS
Secara praktis, cara membaca informasi nilai TA
adalah:
TA Value / 2 = Jarak (Dalam Kilometer)

Typical RF problem

Coverage Issue :
Low Level, Unstable level, Lack Of dominant
server, Fast moving mobile, etc
Quality Issue :
Interference, silent call, etc

Low Level Bar Near Site

Cell A

Cell
C2
Cell
41
Cell
38
Cell
Cell

6/24/15

ARFCN

RxLev

C1

587

-90

58

-65

38

n1
n2

Cell B
GSM Problem Spot and Recommendation

56

Level Bar Tidak Stabil (Naik-Turun)

6/24/15

GSM Problem Spot and Recommendation

57

Missing Neighbor Relation

Missing Neighbor

6/24/15

GSM Problem Spot and Recommendation

58

Non-mutual Neighbor Relation

Non-mutual Neighbor relation

Cell A
Cell B
Cell n1
Cell n2

A
6/24/15

Cell B
Cell n1
Cell n2

GSM Problem Spot and Recommendation

B
59

Cross feeder Case

Non-mutual Neighbor Relation (Missing Neighbor)

6/24/15

GSM Problem Spot and Recommendation

61

Congestion Case

Sample SDCCH analysis

in layer 3 message

Call drop Case

Call drop due to coverage problem

(Bad RxLevel Bad Rxqual)

Call drop due to interference

(Good RxLevel Bad RxQual)

Interference (Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel)

Co Channel

Adjacent Channel

6/24/15

GSM Problem Spot and Recommendation

64