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Introduction To Analog Communications
Introduction To Analog Communications
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
Course objective
At the end of the semester, the
learner will be able to:
Explain the principles of a
communication systems
Discuss the nature of information,
different types of signals involved
and their characteristics
Determine the need of modulation
and differentiate various type of
modulation techniques
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Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another
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The words "tele", "phon", and "graph" are derived from Greek.
mtx(t)
Input
Transducer
ptx(t)
Transmitter
prx(t)
Transmission
Medium
s(t)
Receiver
Output
Transducer
r(t)
Noise
s(t)
mtx(t)
ptx(t)
n(t)
prx(t)
mrx(t)
r(t)
mrx(t)
n(t)
Receiver receive the modulated signal, prx(t) and then convert the signal to
modulating signal, mrx(t) through the process called demodulation.
Fiber Optic
Waveguide
Coaxial Cable
First type of
networking media
used
Available in
different types (RG6 Cable TV,
RG58/U Thin
Ethernet, RG8
Thick Ethernet
Largely replaced by
twisted pair for
networks
Disadvantages
Susceptible to
interference
Prone to damage
during installation
Distance
limitations not
understood or
followed
Glass Media
Advantages
Disadvantages
Can be installed over long distances
Provides large amounts of
Most expensive media
to purchase and install
bandwidth
Rigorous guidelines for
Not susceptible to EMI RFI
installation
Can not be easily tapped (secure)
Wireless
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
WHAT IS BASEBAND ?
Data
(nonelectrical)
Electrical
Waveform
Modulation
Based on
the type of
Continuous wave
carrier
wave
Digital
ASK
FSK
PSK,
etc
Based on
the type of
Analog
modulating
signal
Pulse
PAM
PPM
PWM
PCM
Based on the
relationship
Linear
Exponential
between
AM modulating
FM
and
DSB- modulated
PM
SC
signal
SSB
VSB
TYPE OF MODULATION
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TYPE OF MODULATION
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems
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Analog Signals
Human Voice best example
Ear recognises sounds 20KHz or
less
AM Radio 535KHz to 1605KHz
FM Radio 88MHz to 108MHz
Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems
Example of Digital Signal is shown below:
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Digital signals
Represented by Square Wave
All data represented by binary
values
Single Binary Digit Bit
Transmission of contiguous group of
bits is a bit stream
Not all decimal values can be
represented by binary
1
Analog or Digital
Analog Message: continuous in
amplitude and over time
AM, FM for voice sound
Traditional TV for analog video
First generation cellular phone (analog
mode)
Record player
Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete
value
VCD, DVD
2G/3G cellular phone
Data on your disk
Your grade
Digital age: why digital communication
will prevail
Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems
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The Bands
ELF
VLF
LF
MF
Radio
Submillimeter
Range
Far
InfraRed
Optical
1500n
1PetaHz
Near
InfraRed
R
e
d
700nm
OY
r e
a l
n l
g o
ew
600nm
G
r
e
e
n
B
l
u
e
500nm
I V
n i
d o
i l
g e
o t
UltravioletX-Ray
400nm
Frequency Spectrum
Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared
Extra High
Frequency
EHF
Skywave
radio
Super High
Frequency
SHF
Ultra High
Frequency
UHF
Very High
Frequency
VHF
Propagation
modes
Groundwave
radio
High
Frequency
HF
Medium
Frequency
MF
Low
Frequency
LF
Very Low
Frequency
VLF
Laser beam
Twisted Pair
Cable
Frequency
designations
Audio
Transmission
media
Line-of-sight
radio
Optical Fiber
Waveguide
Coaxial Cable
Wavelength
10-6m
1cm
10cm
1m
10m
100m
1km
10km
100km
Telephone
Telegraph
Aeronautical
Submarine cable
Navigation
Transoceanic radio
AM broadcasting
CB radio
Amateur radio
Mobil radio
VHF TV and FM
UHF TV
Mobil and Aeronautical
Broadband PCS
Wireless communication
Cellular, Pager
Satellite-satellite
Microwave relay
Earth-satellite
Radar
Wideband data
Representative
applications
Frequency
1015Hz
1014Hz
1G0Hz
10GHz
1GHz
100MHz
10MHz
1MHz
100kHz
10kHz
1kHz
28
where c = speed of
light.
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems
WHAT IS BANDWIDTH ?
IT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
HIGHEST FREQUENCIES AND THE LOWEST
FREQUENCIES OF THE INPUT SIGNAL
FREQUENCIES (fB = 2fm ).
The bandwidth of a communication signal
bandwidth of the information signal.
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems
EXAMPLE 1:
If human voice frequencies
contain signals between 300 Hz
and 3000 Hz, a voice frequency
channel should have bandwidth
equal or greater than 2700 Hz.
a
communication
channel
cannot propagate a signal that
contains a frequency that is
changing at a rate greater
than the Channel Bandwidth.
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Transmission Medium
32
PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
A signal can be propagated in 3
ways:
1. Ground-Wave Propagation
Frequency < 2 MHz
2. Sky-Wave Propagation
Frequency between 2 MHz
and 30 MHz
3. Line-of-Sight Propagation
Frequency > 30 MHz
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Ground-Wave Propagation
34
Sky-Wave Propagation
35
Line-of-Sight Propagation
A propagation techniques
(continued):
Types of Transmission
Simplex
One way transmission
Half-Duplex
Two way transmission but only one user can
transmit the signal at one time.
Full-Duplex
Two way transmission, both users can
transmit the signal at the same time.
37
Decibel
decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in
electronic communications to describe power gain or loss
Equation 1 is commonly referred to as the power ratio form
for dB.
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 3)
(Eq. 2)
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