STUDY OF ENERGY BALANCE OF RURAL INDIA

USING GEOSPATIAL INPUTS

(A STUDY UNDER THE ISRO-GBP PROJECT)

ENERGY FLOWS IN A VILLAGE

food
Co , CO, CH , NO , SO ,
Co , CO, CH ,
ECOSYSTEM
wasted
N
O
Black C
NO , SO ,
2

Diesel/Electricity

use
GHG
ionTractor
emiss F
Fs
m
s fro
use

Mark
et

Emissio
n

Human food

CROP

Animal
feed
crop waste as
biofuel
crop residue

fodder/conc. animal
feed
Energy
source
eg.
electricity

burnt
Human
labour

agricultural
operations

SUN

Energ
y
crop

INDUSTRY

Black C
GHG
emissio
ns

Thrashe Water from

fe
r
pump rtilizer use

Water

Primary
Production

Market

Wate
r

Energy
sourceeg.
electricity

EF

Primary
Production

(Homestead
plantations,
trees along
roads, canals)
Wate
r

Energy
Plantation
s
Fuel wood for burning
(cooking/heating etc)

M
M

LIVESTOCK
(including
poultry) & FISH
PRODUCTION
GHG
emissi
ons
from
Biofue
l
burnin
Dung
g
cake
as
biofu
el

LS products
(Milk/meat/eg Anim
gs)
al
& Fish
Dung

RESIDENTIAL
(RURAL
HOUSEHOLD)
Wate
r

logging/timbe
r export

Market

Co2, CO, CH4,

NOx, SO2, Black
C

Water

Animal/Draught
power

TREES
OUTSIDE
FORESTS

CH4,
N2O

Market

Energy
flows
GHG/BC

Energy
source
eg.
electricity

S
Y
S
T
E
M

B
O
U
N
D
A
R
Y

At Ecosystem level,

Net Energy balance = EProduction Econsumption+ EImport - EExport + EStock change

Equation

NEB

Nt

Bc Pt
c 1
t 1

EChf EClf ECcr ECaw EC I

EI f EI h EI dl EI I

NEB: Net Energy Balance

BC : Crop Biomass, c: crop, t: trees
Pt : Plant Phytomass
EC: Energy consumed
hf: human feed
lf: livestock feed
cr : crop residue
aw: animal waste
I: Industry
EI: Energy imported
f: fossil fuel
h: human labour
dl: draught livestock
EE: Energy exported
lp: livestock product
w:S:wood
Stock change

EEhf EElp EEw EE I S

A
Energy
Input

Conversio
n

Electricity
Coal
Diesel
Petrol
Kerosene
Animal
power
Human
energy
Fertilizer
Manure

Manual
implants
for
agricultur
e
Tractors
Thrashers
Vehicles
Tube wells
Solar PV
Solar
water
heaters

(fed from
end energy
also)

Intermedi
ate
energy
Grains
Crop
residue
Trees
water

B
Conversio
n
Human
consumptio
n (water,
food, trees,
air, etc.)
Livestock
consumptio
n
Factories/
industry

Other Inputs
(esp. to
Industry)

Canal water?
(also for other
conversions)
Human energy
Animal power
(eg.
Transporting
sugarcane crop
to sugar mills on

Endenergy
Human
energy
Animal
power
Energy in
products
and
services
sold to
market
Manure

CONVERSION TABLE
S.
No.
1

4
5

Particulars
Human Labour
Man
Woman
Draught animal
Bullock
Diesel
Diesel for tractors
Diesel for water pumps
Petrol
Electricity
Electricity for water pumps
Farm Machinery
Farm machinery other than selfpropelled machines
Tractor 50 kW
Tractor 85 kW
Combine harvestor
Plough
Sprayer
Wagon
Pump
Disc Harrow
Fertilizer distributor
Driller
Straw Baler
Balers Loader

Source: Literature Study

Unit

h
h
h
h
l
l
l
l
KWh
KWh
h

Conversion factor (MJ

Unit-1)
1.96
1.96
1.57
19.17
9.21-12.04
56.31
47.71
38.86
48.23
11.93
3.59

kg*
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h

62.7
41.4
59.5
503
22.8
23.8
71.3
2.4
42.8
11.5
66.6
100
35.7

CONVERSION TABLE
S.
No.
7

8
9

10

11

Particulars
Chemical Fertilizers
N
P2O5
K2O
Farmyard Manure
Water for irrigation
Diesel Pump
Electric Pump
Chemicals
Superior chemicals
Inferior chemicals
Seeds
Rice, wheat, frenchbean and
gardenpea
Tomato, coriander, cabbage,
cauliflower and okra
Potato
Grain
Millets
Pulses (various beans)
Mustard
Straw

Source: Literature Study

Unit

kg
kg
kg
kg (dry
mass)
m3
m3
m3

kg
kg

Conversion factor (MJ

Unit-1)

60.6
11.1
6.7
0.3
0.63
12.42
5.59
120
120
10

kg

14.7

kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Kg

0.8
5.1
16.2
13.8
17.1
22.7
14

ENERGY-BALANCE MODEL
Sectors
Crops

Livestock

Househol
ds
Trees

Industry

Fuel

Inpu
t1

Inpu
t2

Input
3

Input
4

Outp
ut1

Outp
ut 2

Outp
ut 3

Outp
ut 4

Outp
ut5

CF
1

CF
2

CF
3

CF
4

ENERGY-BALANCE MODEL
Example: CROPS
Inputs
Area (ha)
Labour for soil preparation
(persons/hectare/day)
Labour for sowing
(persons/hectare/day)
Labour for O&M of field
(persons/hectare/day)
Labour for harvesting
(persons/hectare/day)
Water (mm/ha/crop)
Seeds (kg/ha)
Fertiliser type 1 quantity (kg/ha)

Fertiliser type 2 quantity (kg/ha)

Fertiliser type 3 quantity (kg/ha)

Manure (kg/ha)
Insecticides (kg/ha)
Fungicides (kg/ha)

Outputs
Crop/Grain production (t)
Economic Yield (t/ha)
Crop Biomass produced (t/ha)
CB as human food consumed in
village (t)
CB as human food exported to
market outside village (t)
CB as animal feed consumed by
village livestock (t)
CB as animal feed exported to
market (t)
Crop residue as biofuel (t)
Crop residue burnt onsite (t)
Conversion Factors
Seed Energy Content (MJ/Kg)
Residue Energy Content (MJ/Kg)
Harvest Index
Moisture fraction in grains
CO2 emission factor

ENERGY-BALANCE MODEL
Example: LIVESTOCK
Inputs
Oil cakes (kg/head)
Crop residue 1 (kg/head)
Crop residue 2 (kg/head)
crop
residue 3 (kg/head)
Crop residue 4 (kg/head)
Crop residue 5 (kg/head)
Crop residue 6 (kg/head)
green grass (kg/head)
water (l/head)
Fungicide Type for Fisheries
Fungicide Qty (kg/head)
Conversion Factors
Draught Animal Energy Content
(MJ/h)
CO2 emission factor
CH4 emission factor
N2O emission factor

Outputs
Milk (l/day/head)
Meat (kg/head)
Chicken (kg/head)
Eggs (no./Month)
Fish (kg/head)
Wool (kg/year/head)
Dung (kg/month/head)
Others
Milk consumed in village(l)
Meat consumed in village (kg)
Chicken consumed in village (kg)

Eggs consumed in village (no.)

Fish consumed in village (kg)
Wool consumed in village (kg)
Dung consumed in village (kg)
Others consumed in village (kg)

ENERGY-BALANCE MODEL
Example: HOUSEHOLDS
Inputs
Food consumption in village
(Unit/HH/month)
Electricity consumed (kWh/month)
Electricity consumed for water supply
(kWh/month)
Diesel consumed (l)
Petrol consumed (l)
Kerosene consumed (l)
Animal dung cake used as biofuel
Woody biofuel consumed for
cooking/heating (t)
Crop biomass waste as fuel (t)
Human energy consumed for fetching
water
Man-hours input for operating manual
devices

Outputs
Man-hours
Woman-hours
Conversion Factors
Food Energy Content (MJ/Unit)

ENERGY-BALANCE MODEL
Example: INDUSTRY
Inputs
Type of Biofuel 1 Consumed
Biofuel 1 consumed (kg/month)
Type of Biofuel 2 Consumed
Biofuel 2 consumed (kg/month)
Type of Biofuel 3 Consumed
Biofuel 3 consumed (kg/month)
Dung cakes consumed
(kg/month)
Electricity consumed
(kWh/month)
Charcoal (kg/month)
Coal (kg/month)
Kerosene (l/month)
Diesel (l/month)
LPG Gas (kg/month)
Biogas (kg/month)
Man-hours input/month

Outputs
Total industrial produce 1 (No./kg
per month)
Industrial produce 1 sold to
market (t)
Industrial produce 1 consumed in
the village HHs
Total industrial produce 2 (No./kg
per month)
Industrial produce 2 sold to
market (t)
Industrial produce 2 consumed in
the village HHs
Conversion Factors
CO2 emission factor
CH4 emission factor
N2O emission factor

ENERGY-BALANCE MODEL
Example: TREES

Example: FUEL

Inputs
Tree species
DBH (cm)
GBH (cm)
Biomass equations based on
tree species

Inputs
Quantity consumed
Quantity imported
Quantity exported
Stock change

Outputs
Phytomass produced (t/ha)
Timber exported to Market (t)
Wood used as fuel inside
village (t)

Outputs
Quantity produced

Conversion Factors
CO2 emission factor
CH4 emission factor
N2O emission factor

Conversion Factors
CO2 emission factor
CH4 emission factor
N2O emission factor

CROPS
Details
Baselin
e
Numbe
r

Rice
Jowar
Bajra
Maize
Ragi
Small
Millets
Wheat
Barley
Gram
Arhar

Inputs
Crop Seas Are
Cycl on
a
e
(ha)
(Day
s)

Outputs

Labour Labou Labo Labour Crop/Gr Econo

for soil r for ur
for
ain
mic
preparat sowin for
harvesti producti Yield
ion
g
O&M ng
on (t)
(t/ha)
(persons (pers (pers (person
/hectare/ ons/h ons/ s/hectar
day)
ectare hect e/day)
/day) are/d
ay)

CF
Crop
Biomas
s
produc
ed (t)

Crop
residu
e
produc
ed (t)

Seed
Energ
y
conte
nt
(MJ/K
g)

LIVESTOCK
Inputs
Baseli
ne
Numb
er
Cows (less
than one year
of age)
Cows
(1-3 years of
age)
Cows (> 3
years of age)
Bullocks (less
than one year
of age)
Bullocks (1-3
years of age)
Bullocks (>3
years of age)
Buffalo (less
than one year
of age)
Buffalo (1-3
years of age)
Buffalo (>3
years of age)
Sheep

Outputs
Crop
Crop
crop
green water milk meat
residue residue residue grass (l/hea (l/da (kg/he
1
2
3
(kg/he d)
y/he ad)
(kg/he (kg/he (kg/he ad)
ad)
ad)
ad)
ad)

CF
chicke
n
(kg/he
ad)

eggs fish
(no./ (kg/hea
mont d)
h)

Draught
Animal
Energy
Content
(MJ/h)

HOUSEHOLDS
Inputs
Food Usage
consu for
mption applian
(kg/mo ces
nth)
(hours)
Rice
Wheat
Arhar
Moong
Masur
Radio
Bicycle
Sewing /
Knitting
Machine
T.V.
Fan
Refrigerator

Outputs
Electrici dies Petr kerose
ty
el (l) ol (l) ne (l)
consum
ed
(kwh)

Animal
Woody
dung
biofuel
cake usedconsumed
as biofuel for
cooking/h
eating (t)

Crop
Manbiomas hours
s waste
as fuel
(t)

CF

Woma Food
nEnergy
hours Content
(MJ/Unit)

TREES
GBH
(cm)

Banyan
Peepal
Neem
Babul
Mango
Rubber Plantation

Biomass Phytomas
equation s
s based produced
on tree (t/ha)
species

Timber
exported
to Market
(t)

Wood used CO2

as fuel
emission
inside
factor
village (t)

CH4
emission
factor

N2O
emission
factor

INDUSTRY

Cottage
Industry 1
Cottage
Industry 2
Cottage
Industry 3
Cottage
Industry 4
Cottage
Industry 5
Khadi
Grinding Mills
Mom And Pop
Shops
Commercial
Industries
(Village
Specific)

Inputs

Outputs

Kerose Diesel LPG Gas Dung

Electricit
ne
(l/mont (kg/mon cakes
y
(l/mont h)
th)
consum consume
h)
ed
d
(kg/mon (kWh/mo
th)
nth)

Total
Industria Industria Total
CO2
industria l produce l produce industria emis
l produce 1 sold to 1
l produce sion
1 (No./kg market consume 2 (No./kg facto
per
(t)
d in the per
r
month)
village
month)
HHs

CF
CH4
emis
sion
facto
r

N2O
emissi
on
factor

FUEL
Inputs

outpu
ts

Conversion Factors

Quantit
Energ
Quantity y
Stock Quantity y per CO2
consume importe Quantity chang produce unit
emission
d
d
exported e
d
factor
Bagasse
Bio-Fuel 1
Bio-Fuel 2
Bio-Fuel 3
Biogas
Biomass Power
Cereal Straw, Husks
&Refractions
Coal
Coal Briquettes
Coal Gas Producer Gas
Etc
Coal, Lignite And Peat

CH4
emission
factor

N2O
emission
factor

Initial Model & Discussions

Energy Balance Diagram:
Energy Positive

Energy Balance Table

Thank You