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Rachmayasti

Kelvin

Anatomi
Normal

bone

bone

gray matter

Cerebrospinal fluid
white matter

bone

bone

Blood Can Be Very Bad


ADAKAH / BAGAIMANA :
Blood : Darah
Can : Cisterns
Be : Brain
Very : Ventricles
Bad : Bone

A. Falx Cerebri
B. Sulcus
C. Gyrus
D. Superior Sagittal Sinus
9

Gambaran Peningkatan TIK pada CT


Scan
Midline shifting
Penyempitan cisterna (basalis dan

perimesensefalik)
Kompresi ventrikel
Dilatasi ventrikel kontralateral
Dilatasi ventrikel simetris (bila ada
obstruksi letak rendah)

Skull Fractures
Fractures must be
distinguished from
sutures that occur in
anatomical locations
(sagittal, coronal,
lambdoidal) and
venous channels.
Sutures have undulating
margins both sutures
and venous channels
have sclerotic margins.
Venous channels have
undulating sides.
Depressed fractures are
characterized by
inward displacement of
fracture fragments.

Linear skull fracture of the right


parietal bone (arrows).
11

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

High density blood (arrowheads)


fills the sulci over the
right cerebral convexity in this
subarachnoid hemorrhage.

12

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

High density blood (arrowheads)


fills the sulci over the
right cerebral convexity in this
subarachnoid hemorrhage.

13

Acute Subdural Hematoma

High density, crescent shaped


hematoma (arrowheads) overlying
the right cerebral hemisphere.
Note the shift of the normally
midline septum pellucidum due to
the mass effect arrow.

The hypodense region (arrow) within


the high density hematoma
(arrowheads) may indicate active
bleeding.

15

Subacute subdural hematoma

Subacute subdural hematoma (arrowheads). Note the compression of


gray and white matter in the left hemisphere due to the mass effect.

Epidural Hematoma (EDH)


Lesi bikonveks >>

regio temporoparietal
Tidak akan
menyeberangi sutura
Air bubbles fraktur
terbuka
Bisa terjadi coup
atau contre coup
Midline shifting
kontralateral
E/C ruptur A.
meningea media dan
percabangannya

SDH Akut
Lesi hiperdens bikonkaf /

crescent / semiluner,
dengan tepi dalam
mengikuti alur gyri
Bisa melewati sutura
Efek massa yang >> dan
tidak sebanding dengan
jumlah perdarahan
E/C ruptur dari vena
subdural (bridging veins)
Bisa :
Traumatik
Non traumatik : org.
tua, hipertensi

SDH Kronis
Tipe I : hipodense (33%) semua
komponen padat sudah diabsorbsi
Tipe II : mixed or inhomogenous density
(33%)
Tipe III : isodense (25%)
Tipe IV : slightly hyperdense (7-10%)
antara hari ke-12 s/d minggu V

SDH Kronis Hipodense


(Tipe I)
Semua komponen

padat sudah
diabsorbsi
Lesi hipodens
dengan HU = LCS
pada konveksitas
kranium

SDH Kronis
Inhomogenous or Mixed density
SDH kronis bbrp

minggu s/d tahun


Liquefaksi darah
dan resorbsi
densitas menurun
(7 HU / hari) dan
semakin lama ada
area yang menjadi
semakin hipodens
inhomogenous or
mixed density

Subdural Hematoma (SDH)


Kronis Isodense
Di mana letak

lesi ?? lihat
ventrikel
yang
terkompresi

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
(SAH)

Lesi hiperdense pada :


Fissura Sylvii

Fissura interhemisferik (hati-hati pd org tua)


Sulkus kortikalis
Cisterna
Bisa :
Traumatik

Spontan : hipertensi, AVM, aneurysma (pd

usia muda)

Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Lesi hiperdens pada parenkim otak
Bisa :
Traumatik :

kortikal atau subkortikal


lobus frontal atau temporal anterior
Multiple
2-3% letaknya dalam (biasanya di
Ganglia basalis)
Stroke hemorrhagik :

letak lebih dalam


sering di ganglia basalis

Intraventricular Hemorrhage
(IVH)
Penyebab :
ruptur ICH ke intraventrikel
perdarahan vasa plexus choroideus

dan sub ependymal


refluks dari SAH
Ada fluid-blood level

Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) dan


SAH e/c Ruptur AVM
Lesi hiperdens

dengan gambaran
spt cacing di
dalamnya disertai
SAH dan odema
perifokal
!! : Perdarahan
intracerebral pada
usia muda
Kontras :
gambaran bag of
worms pada nidus

Diffuse Injury
Adanya

lesi hemoragik +/- efek


massa
pada
substansia
alba
subkortikal, corpus callosum, ganglia
basalis, atau batang otak
Gbr lain : odema diffuse, SAH, IVH

Klasifikasi DI
Grade I : tidak ada lesi
Grade II : ada lesi <25 ml, cisterna dan ventrikel
N, tidak ada midline shift
Grade III : ada lesi <25 ml, cisterna dan
ventrikel
sempit, midline shift < 5 mm
Grade IV : idem grade III, midline shift > 5 mm
Evacuated mass : lesi yang mungkin dievakuasi
scr bedah
Non-evacuated mass : lesi > 25 ml yang tidak
mungkin dievakuasi scr
bedah

Hemorrhagic Contusion +
SDH dan SAH (DI Grade
III)
ICH traumatika

yang biasanya
multiple,
scattered pada
parenkim otak

Odema Cerebri (DI Grade


III)

Gbr hipodens luas

pada parenkim
cerebrum
Adanya perbedaan
densitas parenkim
otak dengan struktur
infratentorial
(cerebellum)
White cerebellum
sign

ICH + SDH + SAH


(DAI Grade IV)

Cerebral Contusion
Cerebral

contusions are the most common


primary intra-axial injury. They often occur when
the brain impacts an osseous ridge or a dural
fold. The foci of punctate hemorrhage or edema
are located along gyral crests.
The
following
are
common
locations:
- Temporal lobe - anterior tip, inferior surface,
sylvian
region
- Frontal lobe - anterior pole, inferior surface
Dorsolateral
midbrain
- Inferior cerebellum.
On CT, cerebral contusion appears as an illdefined hypodense area mixed with foci of
hemorrhage. Adjacent subarachnoid hemorrhage
is common. After 24-48 hours, hemorrhagic
transformation or coalescence of petechial
hemorrhages into a rounded hematoma is
common.
35

Multiple foci of high density corresponding to


hemorrhage (arrows) in an area of low density
(arrowheads) in the left frontal lobe due to cerebral contusion.

36

Fraktur Cranium
Fraktur linier
Fraktur depresi / impresi : fragmen

masuk intrakranial
Fraktur diastasis : pelebaran sutura

Fraktur Basis Cranii


Diskontinuitas

pada tulangtulang yang


menyusun basis
cranii
Sering disertai
perdarahan pada
sinus paranasalis
(hematosinus)

Fraktur Multiple pada


Basis dan Calvaria
Fraktur
linier
Cranii

Fraktur depresi / impresi : fragmen

masuk intrakranial
Fraktur diastasis : pada sutura
tampak sutura melebar

Infark
Lesi hipodens

pada parenkim
otak
Pada perifer :
wedge area
sesuai
percabangan
vasa darah otak
Sering pada
ganglia basalis
dan capsula
externa / interna

Infark Hemisfer
Lesi hipodens

yang sangat
luas, biasanya
akibat oklusi A.
carotis interna
atau A. cerebri
media proksimal

Infark Multiple
Infark baru : batas tidak tegas

(umbra dan penumbra)


Infark lama : batas tegas krn sudah
ada liquefaksi parenkim otak
ensefalomalasia

Corpus Alienum
Benda asing :

logam, pasir,
batu, kayu
Logam : beam
hardening
artefacts spt
sinar yang
mengarah radier
dgn pusat pada
corpus alienum

Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus, a problem with the ratio
of production of CSF to its reabsorbtion,
is
most
frequent
in
children.
Communicating hydrocephalus is the
most common and is due to arachnoid
villi and subarachnoid space obstruction.
Obstructive
hydrocephalus
is
less
common but may occur as a result of the
following:
o Aqueductal stenosis or occlusion
o
Trapped
fourth
ventricle
o Ependymitis
46

In these sections from the same patient notice the enlagement of the
ventricles and cisterns that occurs with hydrocephalus.

47

Meningioma
Meningiomas are the most common
extra-axial neoplasm of the brain.
Middle-aged
women
are
most
frequently affected. Twenty percent
of meningiomas calcify. On CT,
meningiomas are usually isointense
to gray matter.

48

Bone windows confirm


calcification within the
mass.

Axial, post contrast CT demonstrating


broad based enhancing extra-axial mass.

49

Thank you..

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