Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Philippines Under Spain Powerpoint
Philippines Under Spain Powerpoint
Spanish Rule
De Pano, Ma. Fatima
Lejano, Anna Isabelle
Pandy, Jan Hillary
Que, Micaela
Yao, Selena
BRIEF HISTORY
Magellan Expedition (1518-1521)
Original destination is Maluku (spice islands-modern day
Indonesia)
Landed in Mactan, Cebu (March 17, 1521)
Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu in April 1521
One ship from the expedition made it back to Spain
BRIEF HISTORY
Villalobos Expedition
Departed Mexico and reached the coast of Mindanao
(Sarangani) in 1543
Eventually left Sarangani and surrendered to the
Portugese in Maluku
Greatest contribution: named Tandaya/Kandaya
(Leyte) as Les Phelipinas in honor of Prince Philip II
POLITICAL ASPECT
Governed by the King of Spain by
captaincy-general, through the vice
royalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico)
Bureaucracy was divided into different
levels: national/central, provincial/city,
municipal, barrio/barangay
Central Government
Headed by the gobernador-general
Commander-in-Chief of the army&navy,
vice-real patron and president of the
lands highest judicial body: the Real
Audiencia (Supreme Court)
Provincial
alcaldia - alcalde mayor
corregimientos - correjidor
judge, inspector of alcaldias, chief of
police, tribute collector, vice-regal
patron and captain-general of the
province
indulto de comerio
cities or villas - ayuntamiento or city
government
Municipal
pueblo or municipio - gobernadorcillo
preparation of the pardon (tribute list),
recruitment and distribution of men for the
draft labor, communal public work and the
quinto (military conscription), postal clerk,
and judge in civil suits
Collected tax in cash or kind (very tedious
job)
Filipinos saw fellow Filipinos were making them
suffer (collecting of tax)
LE OF CHURCH IN
HILIPPINE POLITICS
la sobrania monacal (monastic
supremacy) or frailocracia
(friarocracy)
Spanish friars or monastic orders ruled
supreme, even over governmental
matters. They controlled all the
fundamental forces of society.
The Church and its economic role as
landowners
ONOMIC ASPECT:
ercantilism
Economic theory popular in the 16th-18th
century
Power (colonies) = wealth (gold)
Cheap raw materials from the colony
production and sale of expensive finished
goods plentiful profits for the home
country
Centralization of state power
Tariffs and taxation
Royally chartered companies
Indirect taxes
customs duties, bandala
Bandala
forced sale or confiscation of goods (e.g. rice,
coconut oil)
payment was in promissory notes
Pampanga and Tagalog regions
abolished in certain provinces by 1782
Cedula Personal
personal identity paper
replaced the buwis/tribute by
1884
mandatory collection from
everyone over the age of 18
o y Servicio Personal
Frestacion Personal
Polo - community labor
Similar to the Mexican
repartimiento (forced
labor selection)
Polistas were male
laborers of Filipino or
Chinese descent aged
from 16-60 years old
Obligation to offer
personal service for
community projects (e.g.
construction and repairs,
logging)
ONOMIC ASPECT:
ncomiendas
Inspired from Mexico
Power and control granted by the
King to certain Spaniards over a
specific area (15-60 sq. mi.) and its
inhabitants
Further emphasized the practice of
private land ownership
Ranching and agriculture (e.g. rice,
tobacco, sugar, fruits)
ONOMIC ASPECT:
ncomiendas
Encomenderos
defend his encomienda
help propagate Christianity
maintain peace and order
collected tributes
Royal encomiendas (realenga or encomienda de
la real corona)
for the royals of Spain
principal towns and ports (e.g. Bagumbayan,
Tondo, Navotas, Betis)
Private encomiendas (encomienda de
particulares)
for the Kings men and those who helped in the
ONOMIC ASPECT:
ncomiendas
Violations were committed by encomenderos
hoarding staples (e.g. rice) and raising prices
exorbitantly during times of scarcity
collections were arbitrary
seizure of of rice and possessions which caused
starvation
Manila-Acapulco
leon Trade (1565-1815)
Philippines was mostly just a point of exchange
between Asia and the Americas
raw materials in the Philippines were not overly exploited,
unlike in other European colonies
Spices and silk from Asia, silver and dos mundos from
the Americas
In 1953, restrictions were put in order by the King
a limit was imposed on the value of Chinese exports
only 2 ships (incoming and outgoing) can be used in the
galleon trade every year
Spanish industries were affected by competition brought
about by Chinese goods
too much silver was leaving Spain
Manila-Acapulco
leon Trade (1565-1815)
Increased immigration from Asian merchants and service
providers
mostly Chinese businessmen converged in the Parian
(Alcaiceria) in Binondo, Manila
service, retail, and credit businesses (e.g. gardeners, weavers,
brickmakers, carpenters, apothecaries, masons)
housed the physical trading and packed the goods to be
shipped off
Manila-Acapulco
leon Trade (1565-1815)
Cultural exchanges between Asia and the
Americas
from Mexico: Virgin of Antipolo, Black Nazarene,
flora and fauna (e.g. avocado, papaya, guava,
pineapple, cattle, horses), language (e.g.tiyangge,
tsokolate, singkamas, sayote, kakaw)
from the Philippines: food and drink (e.g. mango de
Manila, tamarind and rice, tuba), cockfighting,
carabaos, nipa palm raincoats (chino), language
(e.g. tuba, Parian, hilanhilan)
from China: fireworks, chinaware, tea, textiles (e.g.
manton de Manila)
al Economic Society of
nds of the Country (1780-1895)
Jose de Basco y Vargas - despotismo ilustrado or
enlightened despot
Members were business and industry professionals
Increased exploration and exploitation of the
Philippines vast resources
Plan General Economico
monopolies on tobacco, betel nut, spirited liquors
cash incentives and medals of recognition for
excellence in farming
Training grants, local and foreign scholarships
Endowment fund for a professional chair in agriculture
Academy of design
Introduction of mynah birds
Conservation of carabaos
al Philippine
mpany (1785-1814)
King Charles III; 25 year charter aimed at uniting
commerce in Asia and the Americas
Monopoly on bringing Philippine, Chinese and Indian
goods to and from Spain via the Cape of Good Hope
Received much opposition from Dutch, English and
Spanish-Manila Traders (Consulado y Comercio de
Manila)
to appease the people, 3,000 shares were
distributed to merchants and religious corporations
(out of 32,000 shares)
Led to political unrest and economic losses for the
Manila-Acapulco Trade
40% of profits were used for research, technology, and
community development
Bolstered early growth of agriculture in the country
Philippines in World
mmerce (1834 - 1898)
Opening of Philippine ports to
international trade
Demand for export crops increased
Filipino and Chinese businessmen
became wealthy
Exports rose from P4,795,000 (1810) to
P33,149,894 (1984)
Imports rose from P5,329,000 (1810) to
P28,558,552 (1984)
ecommunications
Mail service (1839)
postage stamps were in use by 1854
Telegraph (1872)
Manila-Corregidor
Ilocandia, Bikolandia
Telegram (1882)
Manila-Hongkong
Telephone (1890)
offices in Binondo and Intramuros
Iloilo telephone service (1894)
blic Utilities
velopment
Coconut oil
used as early as 1814
La Electricista de Manila
(1893)
ng
UCATIONAL
ANSFORMATION
La Letra Con Sagre Entra (spare the
rod, spoil the child)
The Society of Jesus (teaching order) and
the Spanish missionaries believed that
the children were the key
secondary schools were built for the sons
of native ruling families not only for
Christianizing but also to be able to teach
them how to be gobernadorcillos and
cabezas de barangays in the future.
YS Colleges and
condary Schools
Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio, College of San Ildefonso
(University of San Carlos), College of San Jose
Built by Society of Jesus for sons of Spaniards
San Ignacio- two trainings: for priesthood and general secondary
education
Girls Schools
Colegios of Santa Potenciana and Santa Isabel
Boarding schools for Spanish girls, for the benefit of orphan
Spanish girls
Beaterios
Exclusively for daughters of upper class beatas who lived a
secluded life
Two beaterios (see book): established to teach Spanish
culture and values to young Filipinas and were founded by
Filipino women
ucational Decree
1863
secondary and higher education made
available to local inhabitants
free compulsory publicly-supported
system of primary schools
two parts:
establishment of at least two primary schools
in each town - one for boys and one for girl
creation of a normal school to train men as
teachers, supervised by the Jesuits
ticisms of Education
Lack of means of education authority cant provide
simple books on morality, geography, history of
Philippines written in own language
Lack of school buildings parish house, barracks,
jails, town hall
Only ilustrados (wealthy locals) were able to afford it
Lack of motivation to study
there is humiliation through beatings
no prize or reward
no pleasure in what he is studying because he does not
understand, it is not useful to him
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
Hispanic Names
Governor Narciso Claveria (1849)
Names came from saints, geographic names,
Chinese and indigenous ancestors, arts, and
flora and fauna
Surnames such as Rizal, Del Pilar, or Luna
Retained indigenous names: Mabini, Malantic,
Dandan, Panganiban
For tax collection and polos y sercisios
To avoid tax evasion and unauthorized
migration
Life at Home
Houses
Bahay kubo for the poor
Bahay na bato for noble Filipinos
Ground Floor: stones and bricks
Second Floor: wood
Aljibe balon
Food
Influence of Spanish and Chinese Cuisine
Spaniards
vinegar and spices for preservation
Adobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, mechado (Espanyol)
Sauting with garlic and onions
Chinese
Pancit Malabon at Pancit Luglog (Tsino)
Fashion
Men
Barong Tagalog
embroidered thin
upper garment
Camisa Chino
undershirt
Pants
Hats, shoes and
slippers
Fashion
Women
Barot saya
Baro - short-sleeved
and collarless blouse
Saya - long plaid or
stripped skirt
WIKA
Loan words from Spanish language
Rezar = dasal
Ventana = bintana
Viaje = biyahe
Rituals
Compadrazgo
co-parenting
godparents during
baptism and marriage
to strengthen
relationship among
family ties and
connection
Magellan : Rajah
Humabon
Legazpi : Rajah Tupas
Burying in cementeries
La Funeraria (1883)
Carlos March
Coffins and
embalming
MESTIZOS
mixed bloods
fruit of intermarriages
Some mestizos led in revolutionary
movements
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature
Pre-Colonial Philippines
Baybayin- commonly mistaken as Alibata (Alibata
was a term coined by Paul Verzosa in the 1920s due
to its similarity to the word alphabet)
contains 17 characters (3 vowels, 4 consonants);
uses kudlits (diacritics) to modify vowels which
increases total to 54 characters
last known archives during the Spanish period
written in Baybayin were in Lipa and other cities of
Batangas
most works written in Baybayin were destroyed due
to them being written in the language of the devil
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature
Under Spanish Rule
Replaced the baybayin system with the Latin
alphabet, speaking in Spanish was encouraged
First teachers of the Filipinos were the friars
and Spanish missionaries
Language became a status symbol
Only the elite could speak Spanish
In the 1800s-1900s, education became more
accessible to more people so the Philippines saw a
rise in educated Spanish-speaking Filipinos
(Ilustrados)
LTURAL ASPECT:
guage and Literature
Printing Methods
Xylography and Movable Typography
Theocratic Literature
Centered on religion
Awit, corridor, metrical romances
Early writers: Ananias Zorilla, Jose de la Cruz,
and Francisco Baltazar.
LTURAL ASPECT:
s and music
Paintings
Largely secularized by the Spanish
First known painter Damian Domingo
Established a formal art school in Laguna Academia
de Dibujo
LTURAL ASPECT:
s and music
Sculptures
Widely seen in fiestas and other
celebrations
Bamboo arches (Kalakos), parols,
rosaries
Most famous examples: santo, retablos
Santo- sculptures of saints and other
religious figures
Retablos- houses the tabernacle; found in
Churches
Most elaborate retablo is found in Intramuros
LTURAL ASPECT:
s and music
Used music in order to help convert locals
Introduced Western instruments
Piano, guitar, harp, organ
Famous musicians
Marcelo Adonay, famed composer Julian Felipe, and
Dolores Paterno.
URAL ASPECT:
D AND TRADITIONS
URAL ASPECT:
D AND TRADITIONS
Siesta
Afternoon nap
It was common to take a
siesta before or after having
merienda (Afternoon snack)
Fiesta
Started out as religious
celebrations
Eventually evolved in to
more casual celebrations
One fiesta for each day of
the year
URAL ASPECT:
olicism
URAL ASPECT:
olicism
URAL ASPECT:
olicism
URAL ASPECT:
olicism
Religious Hierarchy
Friarocracy??
Priests were on top
Filipinossecular priestswere not
allowed to join any of the religious
orders; could only study but couldnt
really practice