Metrologi Industri & Kontrol Kualitas

#7 Fundamentals of
statistics

Yusuf Umardani

Lab. Metrologi Industri

Teknik Mesin Undip
2010
Teknik Mesin Undip

Statistics
Ilmu pengetahuan yang berhubungan dengan koleksi ,
tabulasi, analisa, penafsiran dan presentasi data
kuantitatif
Suatu koleksi data kuantitatif yang menyinggung
tentang kelompok utama, khususnya ketika data secara
sistematis dikumpulkan dan dibandingkan. Contoh
adalah statistik tekanan darah, statistik pertandingan
sepakbola dll.

Collection of Data

Direct Observation
For quality control purposes

Variables
Quality characteristics that are
measurable
e.g. weight measured in grams

Indirect Observation
Market research & public opinion pollsters

Attributes
Quality characteristics that are
classified as either conforming
or not conforming to spec.
e.g. go/no go gage

Data
Continuous Data
1. A variable that is capable of any degree of subdivision
2. e.g. measurement such as kg, meters, liters pascal
3. Weight: 11 kg, 11,33 kg, 11, 3398 kg
4. Continuous data are measureable

Discrete Data
1. Variables that exhibit gaps
2. e.g. number of conforming rivets : 0,3 , 5, 10, 96, 4,65
3. Discrete data are countable

Describing the Data

0

These data are difficult to use and are not effective in describing the datas
characteristics

Number nonconforming

Tabulation

Frequency

IIII IIII III

13

IIII IIII

IIII

IIII

III

Frequency distribution

Grouped Data

Range
R XH XL
R = 2,575 2,531
= 0,044

Cell Interval
Odd interval : 0,001; 0,07; 0,5 or 3 is recommended

Number of cells
h

R 0,044

15
i 0,003

R 0,044

9
i 0,005

R 0,044

6
i 0,007

The best

Cell Midpoints

Tingkat Proses Rata-rata dan Variabilitas

Proses
Tingkat Proses Rata-rata :
Harga pertengahan dimana karakteristik produk (proses produksi berjalan
normal) terdistribusi di harga tersebut
Variabilitas Proses :
Derajat penyebaran di sekitar pertengahan

Gambar 5.1

Common
Causes

Special
Causes

Ketepatan Proses
Acuannya : Daerah Toleransi
Proses Berketepatan Rendah:
Proses yang tidak dikehendaki
Akan selalu ada produk yang karakteristiknya di luar toleransi
Untuk menjamin kualitas produk diperiksa satu per satu

Gambar 5.2

Proses Berketepatan Menengah:

Proses ini akan menghasilkan produk yang hampir semuanya dianggap baik

Gambar 5.2

Proses Berketepatan Tinggi:

Jika proses diyakini masih berjalan normal, pengukuran cukup dengan
sampel

Gambar 5.2

Gambar 5.5

Analytical Methods of Describing a Collection

of data
1. Measures of central tendency
2. Measures of dispersion

A Measure of central tendency

A numerical value that describes the central position
of the data or how the data tend to build up in the
center
1. Average
2. Median
3. Mode

Average
Ungrouped Data
n

X
i 1

X 1 X 2 ... X n
n

Grouped Data
h

f X
i 1

f1 X 1 f 2 X 2 ... f h X h
f1 f 2 ... f h

Average
Weighted Average
n

Xw

w X
i

i 1

w
i 1

Median
Ungrouped technique
3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8 , 10
Grouped technique

Md Lm

n
2

cf m
fm

Mode
Mode (Mo) adalah Nilai dgn frekwensi
terbesar
3,3,4,5,5,5,7 Mo = 5
22,23,25,30,32,36 Mo = tdk ada
105,105,105,107,108,109,109,109,110 Mo = 105 & 109
1 Mode disebut unimodal
2 mode disebut Binodal
lebih dari 2 disebut multimodal

Measures of Dispersion
Range : Selisih nilai
terbesar dan terkecil
R = X H XL
Standar deviasi:

X
n

i 1

n 1