Other Concepts Agenda

1. Studies
2. References
3. Project

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

Optimization
Trades Studies
Quality Functional Deployment (QFD)

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

Optimization

Process of finding the most favorable

Tools generally used

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

Analysis of Ice Cube Tray

Material is 1 cent per square inch

Minimize cost = xy+3xz+7yz
Must be 12 compartments
Compartments must be square

y
x

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

Manual Solution

This problem can be solved using LaGrange

multipliers

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

Excel Solver Solution

A
description
x
y
z

1
2
3
4
5
6 xy+3xz+7yz
7 xyz

11. Other concepts

B
value
6.60
2.20
0.83
formula
43.61
12.00

Solver
Target cell
Equal to
By changing cells
Subject to

1. Studies

B6
Min
B2:B4
B7=12
B2=3*B3

Trades Studies

Used to make decisions

Common technique is to use weighted ranking
Ideal -- Choose weights before study
Reality -- Choose weights after study
INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook
discusses in detail

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

Trade Study for Lawn Mower

Option
Engine
Horsepower
Cost
Material
Starter
Weight
Color
Pollution
Cost
Power
Operation
Durability
Weight
Totals
Selection
11. Other concepts

1
2
2 cycle
4 cycle
4
3
$200
$300
alum
alum
manual
maual
40 lb
60 lb
green
red
wgt
rank
r-wgt rank
must
reject
25
10
250
8
25
10
250
7
20
8
160
8
15
9
135
8
15
10
150
6
100
945
reject
1. Studies

3
4 cycle
3.5
$350
steel
electric
70 lb
pink
r-wgt rank r-wgt
ok
ok
200
7
175
175
8
200
160
10
200
120
7
105
90
4
60
745
740
1
2
8

Quality Functional Deployment (QFD)

A requirements flowdown technique

Deploys voice of the customer
Flows down requirements to design, parts, and
manufacturing

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

QFD for Lawn Mower

-

Whats/Hows
Whats
Pollution
Cost
Power
Operation
Durability
Weight
How Much

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

10

QFD Flowdown
Design

how

Parts

what
how much

how
what

Manufacturing

how much
how
what
how much

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

11

QFD Limitations

Duplicates information in specs

Requires tool

11. Other concepts

1. Studies

12

2. References

Current status
System engineering
Military references

11. Other concepts

2. References

13

Current Status

System engineering is evolving and many

references on the subject are appearing
Some references retain the older approach, which
is not a product-based development approach
Many of the references have good information,
although some of the process descriptions are
cumbersome and deal with a large number of
objects

11. Other concepts

2. References

14

System Engineering References (1 of 4)

DoD 4245.7-M Transition from Development to
Production. September 1985
Templates for avoiding problems
NAVSO P6071. Best Practices: How to Avoid
Surprises in the Worlds Most Complicated
Technical Process. March 1986
Templates for avoiding problems
Compliment to DoD 4245.7-M Transition from
Development to Production
Defense Systems Management College (DSMCS).
System Engineering Management Guide. Fort
Belvoir, Virginia. 1989
Classic document
Older approach
11. Other concepts

2. References

15

System Engineering References (2 of 4)

MIL STD 499B
Original basis for EIA 632
Older approach
Reliability Toolkit: Commercial Practices Edition.
Reliability Analysis Center. P. O. Box 4700, Rome,
NY 13442-4700. 1993
Excellent handbook on reliability
$29
IEEE Std 1220. Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47 th Street.
New York, NY 10017. 1995
IEEE entry to meet needs of ISO 9000
11. Other concepts

2. References

16

System Engineering References (3 of 4)

Martin, James N. Systems Engineering
Guidebook -- A Process for Developing Systems
and Products. CRC Press. New York. ISBN 08493-7837-0. 1996
Our textbook
Product-based development approach
International Council on Systems Engineering.
Systems Engineering Handbook. A How To Guide
for All Engineers. INCOSE. 2033 Sixth Ave. #804.
Seattle, Washington 98121-2546. 1998
A lot of good material on teams, costing,
definitions, and EIA 731
Older approach
$20 for INCOSE members
11. Other concepts

2. References

17

System Engineering References (4 of 4)

EIA 632. EIA. 2500 Wilson Blvd. Arlington.

Virginia 22201-3834. 1998
Replacement for MIL STD 499
Product based development approach
EIA 732. Systems Engineering Capability Model.
EIA. 2500 Wilson Blvd. Arlington. Virginia 222013834. 1998
Capability maturity model analogous to fivelevel technique used by software
Part 1 -- model. Part 2 -- appraisal method

11. Other concepts

2. References

18

Military References (1 of 5)

A memorandum from Secretary of Defense

William Perry in June 1994 officially changed the
way the military develops and acquires systems.
Commercial and military approaches are no
longer distinct
Military standards are out and commercial
practices are in
Nevertheless, military specifications contain a lot
of good guidance

11. Other concepts

2. References

19

Military References (2 of 5)
Climatic information -- MIL-STD-210
Logistics -- MIL-HDBK-59
Corrosion -- MIL-STD- 1210, 1568
Environmental -- MIL-STD-810
EMC -- MIL-STD-461, 1541; MIL-HDBK-237; MIL-E6051
Human factors -- MIL-STD- 1472, 1794, 1800; MILHDBK- 46855; MIL-H- 46855
Maintainability -- MIL-STD- 470, 1843, 2184; MILHDBK- 791
Manufacturing -- MIL-STD-1528

Karl Arunski
11. Other concepts

2. References

20

Military References (3 of 5)
Non-destructive inspection -- MIL-HDBK-728, 731;
MIL-I-6070
Parts control -- MIL-STD-965
Producibility -- MIL-HDBK-727
Quality -- MIL-Q-9858, MIL-I-45208
Reliability -- MIL-STD-785, 1530, 1543, 1783, 1796,
1798, 2164
Safety -- MIL-STD-882
Software -- DoD-2167, MIL-STD-1803, 1815, MILHDBK-287
Supportability -- MIL-STD-1388

Karl Arunski
11. Other concepts

2. References

21

Military References (4 of 5)

Survivability -- MIL-STD-1799, 2069, 2169; MILHDBK-336

Security -- MIL-STD-1785
Telecommunications -- MIL-STD-188-xxx
Testability -- MIL-STD-2165
Thermal -- MIL-HDBK-251
Transportability -- MIL-STD-1367, MIL-HDBK-157
Value -- MIL-STD-1771

11. Other concepts

2. References

22

Military References (5 of 5)

Specifications -- MIL-STD-490B
MIL-STD-490B is a draft
MIL-STD-490A and MIL-STD-490B have the same
specification outline except for section 3.7
MIL-STD-490A suggests giving characteristics of
subordinate elements. MIL-STD-490B does not
require this

11. Other concepts

2. References

23

Project
1. Complete the following Excel table for each
numbered task in chapters 6 through 8 in our textbook
by placing a 1 in the one column that most applies.

Acquire
Manage
Notes
BuildVerifySell off
Design
Task Understand
101
102
103
....

1012
Total
11. Other concepts

3. Project

24

Project
2. Explain where the block labeled Design, ILS
Production, and Deployment in Figure 4-2 of
Martins book fits in the PBD approach
3. What is the difference between a SEMP, a
SEMS, and a SEDS? What is the difference
between a SEMS and an IMP?
4. What is a functional design discipline (FDD)?
5. What is a cross-project team (CPT)? Who
should CPTs report to?
6. List five system engineering metrics and give a
method for determining a numerical value for the
benefit and cost of each.

11. Other concepts

3. Project

25