Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introdution On Site Surveying
Introdution On Site Surveying
Unit 1 - Introduction
Definitions
PLOT:
means the area of contiguous parcel of land enclosed by definite
boundaries over which the applicant has legal right for development
SITE:
The place at which construction work is undertaken; a building site.
An area of land designated by a planning application for a specific
development, or one for which a proposed building is to be designed.
LAND:
an area or plot of ground on the earths surface.
SURVEYING:
Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions
of points
above, on, or beneath the earths surface and locating the points in
the field.
Land along the Nile River was divided for taxation. Divisions
were washed away by annual floods.
2.
3.
4.
5.
18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need for
mapping and marking land claims caused extensive
surveying, especially by the English.
6.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Categories of Surveying
1.
2.
7 Types of Surveys:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7 Types of Surveys:
6.
7.
Chain Surveying
Chain Surveying
Simplest method of surveying
Measurements are taken in field and the rest work, such as
plotting calculation etc. are done in office
Most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few
details
Carefully done, gives accurate results.
Necessary requirements : chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and
sometime cross staff
System of surveying in which sides of various triangles are
measured directly in the field and NO angular
Adopted when level of accuracy required is not high.
Execution
1. Reconnaissance: The preliminary inspection of the area to be
surveyed.
2. Marking stations
3. Reference sketches
4. Running survey line
Application
Chain survey is suitable when
1.Ground is fairly level and simple
2.Plans are required on large scale e.g., fields
3.When area is small in extent
Chain survey is not suitable when
1.For large areas
2.When too many details are not required
3.Wooden countries
4.Undulating areas
Accessories
1.Chaining Pins set of 11, used to mark the tape lengths
2.Hand Level used to determine required plumbing height
3.Plumb Bob used to transfer the mark from the tape to ground
4.Tension Handle used to maintain correct tension on tape
Gunters Chain
Modern Chains
Modern chains are metal strips 100 feet long. These chains
are three standard types.
1.
Fully graduated
2.
First foot (cut chain)
3.
Extended foot (add chain)
Knowing that the chain is 100 feet long, having numbers from
0 to 100 indicates that each number is one foot of distance.
Each foot has nine (9) lines (10 spaces), therefore each line
represents 1/10 or 0.10 of a foot.
The reading for this example is 98.6 ft.
Note: this a fully graduated chain
In this example the pin at the head is on 99 feet and the rear
pin is on 0.4 feet. The distance is 99 - 0.4 or 98.6 feet.
Triangulation
Triangulation
A surveying method that measures the angles in a triangle
formed by three survey control points.
Survey Instruments
Transit
2.
3.
Transit
ALIDADE (UPPER PART)
Circular cover plate w/2 level vials and is connected to a solid
conical shaft called the inner spindle.
Contains the vernier for the horizontal circle
Also contains frames that support the telescope called STANDARDS
Contains the vertical circle and its verniers, the compass box, the
telescope and its level vial
HORIZONTAL LIMB (MIDDLE PART)
This is rigidly connected to a hollow conical shaft called the outer
spindle (which holds the inner spindle)
Also has the upper clamp, which allows the alidade to be clamped
tight
Also contains the horizontal circle
Transit
LEVELING-HEAD ASSEMBLY (LOWER PART)
1.
4 leveling screws
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transit
Transit - Properties
1.Designed to have proper balance between:
Magnification and resolution of the telescope
Least count of the vernier and sensitivity of the plate and
telescope bubbles
2.Average length of sight of 300 assumed in design
3.Specifications of typical 1 gun:
Magnification 18 to 28X
Field of view - 1 to 130
Minimum focus 5 to 7
X-hairs usually are + with stadia lines above and below
The transit is a repeating instrument because angles are
measured by repetition and the total is added on the plate
Operation of Transit
9 Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Operation of Transit
7.
8.
9.
Read on vernier
2.
Transit
ADVANTAGES
1.Better accuracy obtained through averaging
2.Disclosure of errors by comparing values of the single and
multiple readings
HANDLING A TRANSIT
Hints on handling and setting-up the transit
Pick up transit by leveling head and standards
When carrying the transit, have telescope locked in position
perpendicular to the leveling head with objective lens down
When setting-up, keep tripod head level and bring plumb
bob to within of point to be set over, then loosen leveling
screws enough to enable you to move transit on plate, then
move transit until it is over the point
Telescope, Scales
TELESCOPE:
Similar to that of dumpy level, but shorter
Parts objective, internal focusing lens, focusing wheel, X-hairs,
& eyepiece
SCALES:
Horizontal plate or circle is usually graduated into 30 or 20
spaces with graduations from 0 to 360 in both directions.
Circles are graduated automatically by machine and then
scanned to ensure accuracy
They are correct to with in 2 of arc
Vernier
Least count = Lowest # of reading possible determines
accuracy
Least Count = (Value of smallest division on scale)/(# of
divisions on vernier)
Scale Graduation
Vernier Divisions
Least Count
30
30
20
40
30
15
45
20
10
60
10
Vernier
The vernier is always read in the same direction from zero as
the numbering of the circle, i.e. the direction of the increasing
angles
Typical mistakes in reading verniers result from
Not using magnifying glass
Reading in the wrong direction from zero, or on the wrong
side of a double vernier
Failing to determine the least count correctly
Omitting 10, 15, 20, 30 when the index is beyond those
marks
Vernier
3 Types of Verniers
1.
2.
3.
Line of coincident
Vernier scale
Odometer Wheel
Distance
Time
Hand level
This is the simplest
type of hand level.
It is useful for
estimating slope &
elevation changes.
This instrument is
called the Abney
level. It can be
used to measure
slope, vertical
angles and stadia
distances.
Rod
7.04
6.73
6.33
6.15
Automatic Level
Total Station
A total station is an electronic
transit and an EDM combined
into one instrument.
Add in a microprocessor, laser
plummet and other options and
you have the instrument of
choice for ground based
surveying.
Some may require a prism, but
others are reflectorless.
Additional Equipment
Plumb Bob
Surveyors
nail
Range
pole