Chapter 1, Part 1: Part of

Speech

1.1 Nouns

Types of nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Plural form of countable nouns
Uncountable nouns
Possessive nouns
Rules for forming possessive nouns
Nouns as subjects
Nouns as objects

1.1.1 Types of Nouns

Nouns = people, things, place and idea

Common Nouns

General entities
e.g. building, town, person

Proper Nouns

Specific entities
e.g. Likas Square Commercial Complex, Kota
Kinabalu, Cinderella

Pronouns

Personal pronouns replace people, places,

things
I, We, You, They, He, She, It

Concrete Nouns

Can be touched, felt, smelled, seen, tasted.

e.g. steak, cat, bicycle, salt

Abstract Nouns

Ethereal, cannot be concretely perceived.

Concepts, ideas, philosophies.
e.g. faith, hope, love, freedom

Collective Nouns

A group of something in a specific manner

e.g. a gaggle of geese, a colony of ant

Countable Nouns

Can occur in both singular and plural forms,

can co-occur with quantificational
determiners (many, several, more,etc) and
numeral

Sort
the
Nouns
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
Abstract Nouns

Australi
a
beauty
dog
Lassie
music

stadium
Hinduis
m
relaxatio
n
Microsoft

trust
imagin
e
father
Mr.
Davis

The Eiffel
Tower
chair
happiness
Tuesday
boredom

Brando
n
luck
curiosit
y
doctor

Computer
Honda
Lightning
Wall Street
smoke

1.1.2 Countable & Uncountable

Nouns
Countable Nouns
Things that can be counted with
numbers.
Can have singular and plural
forms.
E.g. I would like two tickets
please.

1.1.2 Countable & Uncountable

Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
Cannot count with numbers.
Used with singular verb.
Do not have plural forms.
accommodation, luggage,
information, furniture, bread,
news, progress, traffic, weather,
work.

1.1.3 Plural Forms of Countable

Nouns
Usually add s to make plural nouns
Books, bottles, houses
Add es to nouns ending -ch, -sh, -ss, -s, -x
churches, sashes, classes, gases, boxes
Add s to nouns end with a vowel and y
Boys, days, plays
Irregular plurals
Man men ; woman women ; child
children ;
person people ; ox oxen

1.1.3 Plural Forms of Countable

Nouns
Decide if you should add es or ves to
change the following nouns to plural forms.
1. Calf
17. Fetch
9. Self
18. Scarf
10. Shelf
2. Hero
19. Potato
11. Grotto
3. Pox
20. Gas
12.
Fix
4. Touch
21. Mantis
13. Mix
5. Life
22. Patch
14.
6. Tomato
23. Loaf
Embargo
7. Lash
24. Motto
15. Equinox
16. hoof
8. Vehicle

1.1.3 Uncountable Nouns

Cannot be counted.
Normally used with a singular verb.
Water is important to ensure that
we always stay hydrated.

Cant take articles a or an ; but we

can say a something of (uncountable noun)
A piece of information
A bottle of orange juice

Can use some, any, little, much.

Kelly uses some salt in her cooking.
There is only a little sugar left in the jar.

1.1.3 Uncountable Nouns

Access

Attention

Cash

Courage

Employme
nt

Accommodat
ion

Bacon

Chalk

Currency

Energy

Adulthood

Baggage

Chaos

Damage

Engineering

Advertising

Ballet

Cheese

Dancing

Enjoyment

Advice

Beauty

Chess

Danger

Entertainme
nt

Aggression

Beef

Childhood

Data

Envy

Aid

Beer

Clothing

Delight

Equip

Air

Biology

Coal

Dessert

Ethics

Alcohol

Blood

Coffee

Dignity

Evidence

Anger

Botany

Commerce

Dirt

Evolution

Applause

Bread

Compassion

Distribution

Failure

Arithmetic

Butter

Comprehensi
on

Dust

Faith

Art

Business

Content

Economy

Fame

1.1.3 Uncountable Nouns

Flu

Grammar

Height

Injustice

Labour

Fruit

Grass

Help

Innocence

Lack

Freedom

Grief

Honesty

Intelligence

Land

Fruit

Gratitude

Honey

Iron

Laughter

Fuel

Ground

Homework

Irony

Lava

Fun

Guilt

Hospitality

Jam

Leather

Furniture

Gymnastic

Humour

Jealousy

Leisure

Garbage

Hair

Housework

Jelly

Lightning

Gastric

Happiness

Hunger

Joy

Linguistics

Gas

Hardware

Hydrogen

Judo

Literature

Genetic

Harm

Ice

Juice

Litter

Glass

Hate

Ice cream

Justice

Livestock

Gold

Hatred

Importance

Karate

Logic

Golf

Health

Inflation

Kindness

Loneliness

Gossip

heat

information

Knowledge

Love

1.1.3 Uncountable Nouns

Luck

Money

Pasta

Quality

Safety

Luggage

Mud

Patience

Quantity

Salad

Machinery

Music

Permission

Quartz

Salt

Magic

Nature

Physics

Racism

Sand

Mail

News

Poetry

Rain

satire

Managemen
t

Nitrogen

Pollution

Recreation

Scenery

Mankind

Nonsense

Poverty

Relaxation

Seafood

Marble

Nurture

Power

Reliability

Seaside

Mathematic

Nutrition

Pride

Research

Shame

Mayonnaise

Obedience

Production

Respect

Shopping

Measles

Obesity

Progress

Revenge

Silence

Meat

Oil

Pronunciatio
n

Rice

Sleep

Metal

Oxygen

Psychology

Room

Smoke

Methane

Paper

Publicity

Rubbish

Smoking

1.1.3 Uncountable Nouns

Soap

Symmetry

Unity

Welfare

Software

Tea

Usage

Wheat

Soil

Tennis

Validity

Whiskey

Sorrow

Thirst

Veal

Width

Soup

Thunder

Vegetation

Wildlife

Speed

Timber

Vegetarianis
m

Wine

Spelling

Time

Vengeance

Wisdom

Sport

Toast

Violence

Wood

Steam

Tolerance

Vision

Wool

Strength

Trade

Vitality

Work

Stuff

Traffic

Warmth

Yeast

Stupidity

Transportati
on

Water

Yoga

Success

Trust

Wealth

Youth

Sugar

Understandi
ng

Weather

Zinc

1.1.4 Possessive Nouns

Demonstrate ownership
Use apostrophe
E.g. Jennifers imagination ran wild when
she pictured the accident.
Possessive nouns = personal pronouns
Avoid repetition and sounding redundant.
E.g. We decorated our Christmas tree with
many ornaments.

1.1.5 Rules for Forming

Possessive
Nouns
Rule # 1: Making singular nouns
possessive
Add apostrophe + s to:
most singular nouns
e.g. Katys dress; Oxfords
student
plurals not ending with s
e.g. childrens toys; womens

1.1.5 Rules for Forming

Possessive
Nouns
Rule # 2: Making plural nouns possessive
Add apostrophe to plural nouns
ending
in s.
No extra s is needed.
Companies asset ;
horses tails ;
girls dresses

1.1.5 Rules for Forming

Possessive
Nouns
Rule # 3: Making
hyphenated
nouns and
compound nouns plural
Add apostrophe + s to the end of
compound words or the last word
in a
hyphenated noun.
e.g. My brother-in-laws wife is a doctor.
The United States Post Offices
stamp
are available in roll or in packets.

1.1.5 Rules for Forming

Possessive Nouns

Rule # 4: Indicating possession when

two nouns are joined together.
If two nouns share ownership,
indicate
possession only once, on the
second noun.
Add apostrophe + s to the second
noun
only.
e.g. Jack and Jills pail of water
was spilled

1.1.5 Rules for Forming

Possessive Nouns

Rule # 5: Indicating possession when two nouns

are joined, and ownership is separate
When two nouns indicate ownership
but the ownership is separate, each
noun gets apostrophe + s.
e.g. Rickys and Christinas rooms were
painted in blue and pink. (Each has his
or her own room, and the rooms are
different)

1.1.6 Nouns as Subjects

Nouns = person, place, thing or idea
What / who are we talking about in a
sentence?
E.g. The girl faced her problems
with courage.
Subject of a sentence noun /
pronoun

1.1.7 Nouns as Objects

Direct object & indirect object.
Direct object noun that receives the
action
of the transitive verb.
- Answer what or whom
Indirect object precedes direct
object
- to whom or for whom the
action of the verb is
done
and who is
receiving the
direct object.

1.1.7 Nouns as Objects

Direct object (bold); verb
(underlined)
After dinner, Lisa always serves
dessert.
To the average citizen, politics
offers
considerable
frustration.
After class, Mr K will carry the
students
papers to his office.
The police have arrested the man
who
robbed the bank.

1.1.7 Nouns as Objects

Direct object (bold); indirect object
(underlined)
During the play intermission,
David gave
Eva his coat to hold.
Stephen offered his brother a
chance to
redeem himself.
The director assigned the team
a project
that everyone else
had refused.

1.1.7 Nouns as Objects

Direct object (bold); verb
(underlined)
When questioned by the
police, Evann
admitted that he
took the bicycle.
On the way to the doctors
office, the
little child pretended
she was not sick.
Although he is tired, Dexter
says he is
willing to plant the
garden for you.