Periodic Trends and Bonding

MCAT Lecture 2
G-Chem

Common Group Names

S block
Group I: Alkali metals (reactive to H20)
Group II: Alkaline earth metals (insoluble)
D block
Transition metals (many oxid. states)
P block
Group VII: Halogens
Group VIII: Noble Gases (inert)
F block
Rare earth metals

Et Cetera
Alkali
-extremely reactive
-soluble
Alkaline Earth
-mostly not soluble (coulombs law)
Transition Metals
-various oxidation states
Rare Earth Metals
-uranium last natural element

Et Cetera 2
7 diatomic elements
H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Pseudo Noble Gas
N2
Liquids at 25C
Br2 Hg
Colors
Cu- blue
Cl2 greenish gas
Br2 red
I2 purple

Metals
Properties
1) Lustrous (shiny)
2) Malleable (hammered into sheets)
3) Ductile (wires)
4) Lewis Acids
5) Oxidized (lose e-)
6) Delocalized valence electrons
-Electrical Conductor
-Thermal Conductor

Zeff
Zeff = ability of protons to pull electrons
toward the nucleus
Function of:
1) Proton number
2) Number of shells

Periodic Trends
Shielding vs. Zeff
Across = adds protons ; increases Z eff
Down = adds electron shells ; decreases Z eff

Atomic Radius
Radius increases left ; decreasing Z eff
Radius increasess down ; decreasing Z eff

increases

Ionic Radius
Remove electrons = increase Zeff, reduce repulsion
Add electrons = decrease Zeff, add repulsion

cation radius < neutral radius < anion radius

Electronegativity
An atoms ability to pull electrons to itself in a
covalent bond
Increases right ; increasing Zeff, close to octet
Increases up ; increasing Zeff
increases

Electronegativity Application
List top 10 electronegative atoms
Dr. F>O>N>Cl>Br>I>C>S P>H.d

Electron Affinity
Energy involved in putting an electron onto a single
atom
+ endergonic (unstable)
- exergonic (stable)

(-)
(+)
Noble gases excepted

Ionization Energy
Energy required to remove least tightly
bound electron (always +)
Energy increases right ; Zeff increasing

Energy increases up ; Zeff increasing

increases

I.E. Application
Place the following in order of increasing
first ionization energy:
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Li B Be* C O N* F Ne
*Exceptions at half and full closed subshells

Acidity
Determined by strength of bond holding H

increasing

Formal Charge
Are atoms being shared in the best possible
way?
FC = v.e. b.e. l.e.

Use the box method!

Formal Charge Application

Determine the best lewis diagram for NO
using formal charge

Determine formal charges on H2CO3

Hybridization
The way of best arranging valence electrons
in a bond
s p p p d d d d d
Rules:
1) Every attachment uses one orbital
2) Lone pairs use one orbital

VSEPR
Geometric Family:
lone pairs = bonding pairs
Molecular Shape:
lone pairs = bonding pairs
MINIMIZE REPULSION

Geometric Families
One hybridization = one geometry
# e- groups
2
3
4
5
6

Hybridization
sp
sp2
sp3

Family
linear
trigonal planar
tetrahedral

sp3d
sp3d2

trig. bipyramidal
octahedral

Molecular Shape
If # lone pairs is zero, geometry = shape

Molecular Shape 2
Family
linear

Possible Shapes
0linear

trig. planar

bent

tetrahedral

trigonal pyramidal

bent

trigonal bipyramidal

octahedral

seesaw
2t-shape

square pyramidal
2square planer

When lp equals zero, GEOMETRY = SHAPE

Molecular Shape Application

Determine hybridization, geometric family,
and molecular shape:
H20
sp3, tetrahedral, bent
CCL4 sp3, tetrahedral, tetrahedral
XeOF4 sp3d2, octahedral, square pyramid
HClO4 sp3, tetrahedral, tetrahedral
H2CO3 sp2, trigonal planar, trigonal planar
BrF3 sp3d, trig. bipyramidal, t-shaped

VSEPR Application

Draw Lewis structures for O2 and O3.

O=O

O-O=O

Why does ozone have a higher b.p. than oxygen?

-ozone is polar and has dipole-dipole intermolecular forces

Why is ozone more soluble than oxygen?

-ozone is polar

Why are the two bonds in ozone equal length and each longer than
the bond in diatomic oxygen?
-ozone has resonance making for two incomplete double bonds
compared to oxygens full double bond

Intramolecular Forces
Non-polar Covalent: equal sharing of electrons
H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Polar Covalent: unequal sharing of electrons
-forms dipole moment
HCl, CO, H2O

Intramolecular Forces 2
Coordinate Covalent: donates orbitals and
donates electrons
Lewis Acid electron acceptor (usually metal or B)
Lewis Base electron donor
Metallic: sea of electrons
Network Covalent: all bonds covalent, no distinct
molecule, no intermolecular

Intermolecular Force
Ionic: two ions
Ion-Dipole: ion/polar
Dipole-Dipole: polar/polar

Intermolecular Forces 2
Dipole-Induced Dipole: polar/non-polar
London: non-polar/non-polar
Function of:
1) size
2) # of e-

London Dispersion Force

Application
Order HCl, HBr, and HI in increasing order
of boiling points
HCl < HBr < HI

H-bonding
Both molecules must have an N, O, or F and
one molecule must have an H already
attached to its N, O, or F
Roughly 5-10% the strength of a covalent
bond

H-bond application
Why cant H2S H-bond (even though it is in
the same family as H20)?
-S does not pull enough electron density
away from H to make H positive enough

All Forces
Listed in order of decreasing strength
Covalent
Polar Covalent
Covalent
Coordinate Covalent
Ionic
Ion-Dipole
H-bonding
Electrostatic
Dipole-Dipole
Dipole-Induced Dipole
van der Waals

H-bonding Application
Can H-bonding occur?
CH4 / H2O No
HF / NH3 Yes
Whose H-bonds are stonger?
HF / NH3
HF / H20 stronger (larger dipole)