BIOMATERIALS

MANIKANDAN.G
M.E(C.I.M)
2009206030

BIOMATERIALS
OBJECTIVES
To introduce the different biomaterials used in biomedical
engineering, provide some fundamental properties of these
materials, and indicate how they are used.
OUTLINE
Introduction
need for biomaterials, definition of biocompatibility
introduce classes of biomaterials
Material properties
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers

BACKGROUND
Historically, biomaterials consisted of materials common in the
laboratories of physicians, with little consideration of material
properties.
Early biomaterials :

Gold: Malleable, inert metal (does not oxidize); used in dentistry by

Chinese, Aztecs and Romans--dates 2000 years

Iron, brass: High strength metals; rejoin fractured femur (1775)
Glass: Hard ceramic; used to replace eye (purely cosmetic)
Wood: Natural composite; high strength to weight; used for limb
prostheses
and artificial teeth
Bone: Natural composite; uses: needles, decorative piercings
Sausage casing: cellulose membrane used for early dialysis (W
Kolff)
Other: Ant pincers. Central American Indians used to suture wounds

INTRODUCTION
A biomaterial
is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact
with biological systems.1
is used to make devices to replace a part of a function of the body in
a safe, reliable, economic, and physiologically acceptable manner.
is any substance (other than a drug), natural or synthetic, that
treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, and body function.
The need for biomaterials stems from an inability to treat many diseases,
injuries and conditions with other therapies or procedures :
replacement of body part that has lost function (total hip, heart)
correct abnormalities (spinal rod)
improve function (pacemaker, stent)
assist in healing (structural, pharmaceutical effects: sutures, drug
release)

HISTORY
Important dates

1860's: Lister develops aseptic surgical technique

early 1900's: Bone plates used to fix fractures
1930's: Introduction of stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys
1938 : first total hip prosthesis (P. Wiles)
1940's: Polymers in medicine: PMMA bone repair; cellulose for
dialysis; nylon sutures
1952: Mechanical heart valve
1953: Dacron (polymer fiber) vascular grafts
1958: Cemented (PMMA) joint replacement
1960: first commercial heart valves
1970's: PEO (polyethyleneoxide) protein resistant thin film coating
1976: FDA ammendment governing testing & production of
biomaterials /devices
1976: Artificial heart (W. Kolff, Prof. Emeritus U of U)

EXAMPLES OF USES OF BIOMATERIALS

Organ/Tissue Examples
heart

pacemaker, artificial valve, artificial heart

eye

contact lens, intraocular lens

ear

artificial stapes, cochlea implant

bone

bone plate, intramedullary rod, joint

prosthesis, bone cement, bone defect
repair

kidney

dialysis machine

bladder

catheter and stent

muscle

sutures, muscle stimulator

circulation

artificial blood vessels

skin

burn dressings, artificial skin

endocrine

encapsulated pancreatic islet cells

MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES FOR BIOMEDICAL

APPLICATIONS
Property

Desirables

Biocompatibility

Noncarcinogenic, nonpyrogenic,
nontoxic, nonallergenic, blood
compatible, non-inflammatory

Sterilizability

Not destroyed by typical sterilizing

techniques such as autoclaving, dry
heat, radiation, ethylene oxide

Physical characteristics Strength, elasticity, durability

Manufacturability

Machinable, moldable, extrudable

BIOCOMPATIBILITY
There is no general set of criteria, that if met, qualify a material as
being biocompatible

The time scale over which the host is exposed to the material or
device must be considered
material

contact time

syringe needle

1-2 s

tongue depressor

10 s

contact lens

12 hr - 30 days

bone screw / plate

3-12 months

total hip replacement

10-15 yrs

intraocular lens

30 + yrs

Classes of Biomaterials
Metals
stainless steel, cobalt alloys, titanium alloys

Ceramics
aluminum oxide, zirconia, calcium phosphates

Polymers

silicones, poly(ethylene), poly(vinyl chloride),

polyurethanes, polylactides
Natural polymers
collagen, gelatin, elastin, silk, polysaccharides

Material Selection Parameters

Mechanical
Thermal/Electrical Conductivity
Diffusion
Water Absorption
Biostability
Biocompatibility

Evolution of Biomaterial Science &

Technology
st
1 generation (since 1950s)
Goal: Bioinertness
2nd generation (since 1980s)
Goal: Bioactivity
3rd generation (since 2000s)
Goal: Regenerate functional tissue

Some application of biomaterials

Application
Skeletel system
Joint replacement(Hip, knee)
Bone plate
Bone cement
Artificial tendon and ligment
Dental implant

Cardiovascalar sysem
Blood vessel prosthesis
Heart valve
Catheter

Organs
Artificial heart
Skin repair template
Artificial kidney
Heart-lung machine

Senses
Cochlear replacement
Intraocular lens
Contact lens
Corneal bandage

TypesofMaterials
Titanium , Stainless steel, PE
Stainless steel, Co-Cr alloy
PMMA
Hydroxylapatie Teflon, Dacron
Titanium, alumina, calcium phosphate
Dacron, Teflon, Polyurethane
Reprocessed tissue, Stainless steel, Carbon
Silicone rubber, teflon, polyurethane
Polyurethane
Silicone-collage composite
Cellulose, polyacrylonitrile
Silicone rubber
Platium electrodes
PMMA, Silicone rubber, hydrogel
Silicone-acrylate. Hydrogel
Collagen, hydrogel

What is a Biomaterial?
Amaterialintentedtointerfacewith
biologicalsystemstoevaluate,treat,augment
orreplaceanytissue,organorfunctionofthe
body.

Material Properties
Compresssive
strength
Tensile strength
Bending strength
E-Modulus
Coefficient of
thermal expansion
Coefficient of
thermal coductivity

Surface tension
Hardness and
density
Hydrophobic/philic
Water
sorption/solubility
Surface friction
Creep
Bonding properties

Biomaterials
Polymeric biomaterials
Bioceramics
Metallic biomaterials
Biocomposite
Biologically based (derived) biomaterials

Biocompatibility
Biocompatibility: The ability of a material to
perform with an appropriate host response in
a specific application.
Host response: the reaction of a living system to
the presence of a material

Medical Device
It does not achieve its principal intended
action in or on the human body by
pharmacological, immunological or metabolic
means, but it may be assisted in its function
by such means.

Polymerization
Condensation: A reaction occurs between two
molecules to form a larger molecule with the
elimination of a smaller molecule.
Addition: A reaction occurs between two
molecules to form a larger molecule without
the elimination of a smaller molecule.

Polymeric Biomaterials: Adv & Disadv

Easy to make
complicated items
Tailorable physical &
mechanical properties
Surface modification
Immobilize cell etc.
Biodegradable

Leachable
compounds
Absorb water &
proteins etc.
Surface
contamination
Wear & breakdown
Biodegradation
Difficult to sterilize

Bioceramic: Advantages and

disadvantage
High compression
strength
Wear & corrosion
resistance
Can be highly
polished
Bioactive/inert

High modulus
(mismatched with
bone)
Low strength in
tension
Low fracture
toughness
Difficult to fabricate

Bioceramics

Alumina
Zirconia (partially stabilized)
Silicate glass
Calcium phosphate (apatite)
Calcium carbonate

Metallic Biomaterials:Advantages &

Disadvantages
High strength
High moduls
Fatigue resistance
Wear resistance
Easy fabrication
Easy to sterilize
Shape memory

Corrosion
Metal ion sensitivity
and toxicity
Metallic looking

Metallic biomaterials

Stainless steel (316L)

Co-Cr alloys
Ti6Al4V
Au-Ag-Cu-Pd alloys
Amalgam (AgSnCuZnHg)
Ni-Ti
Titanium

THANK YOU