The Endocrine System

PowerPoint presentation to accompany:

Medical Assisting
Third Edition

Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson

2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

34-2

Learning Outcomes
34.1 Define the term endocrine glands.
34.2 Describe the general functions of the endocrine
system.
34.3 Define the term hormone.
34.4 Explain the difference in hormone control by
positive and negative feedback loops.

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34-3

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

34.5 Describe the locations of the hypothalamus,
pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas,
thymus, and gonads.
34.6 List the hormones released by the pituitary gland
and give the functions of each.
34.7 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland
and parathyroid glands and give the functions of
each.
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34-4

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

34.8 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands
and give the functions of each.
34.9 List the names of the endocrine cells of the
pancreas, the hormones released by them, and the
function of each hormone.
34.10 List the hormones released by the pineal body,
thymus, and gonads, and give the functions of
each.
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34-5

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

34.11 Name the hormones produced by the kidneys and
heart, listing which organ produces the hormone,
and the hormones function.
34.12 Describe stressors and their effect on the body.
34.13 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and
treatment of various endocrine disorders.

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34-6

Introduction

The endocrine system includes the organs of the

body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids
such as blood

Regulates chemical reaction in cells and therefore control

functions of the organs, tissues, and other cells
bloodstream

Glands

secrete
hormones

into

to

target tissues

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Hormones

Endocrine glands

Ductless
Release hormones

Directly into target tissues

Into bloodstream to be carried to target tissues

Hormones chemicals secreted by a cell that

affect the functions of other cells
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Hormones (cont.)

Many are derived from steroids that easily

cross the cell membrane
Examples of steroid hormones

Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Cortisol

hormones

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Hormones (cont.)

Nonsteroidal hormones

Made of amino acids or

proteins and cannot cross
the cell membrane easily
Bind to receptors on the
surface of the cells

G-protein activated by the

hormone-receptor complex

Prostaglandins

Activates enzymes inside

cell

Local, or tissue, hormones

Derived from lipid molecules
Do not travel in the
bloodstream
Target tissues are located
close by
Produced by organs such as

Kidneys
Heart
Stomach
Uterus
Brain

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34-10

Negative and Positive

Feedback Loops

Control hormone levels

Negative feedback loop

Hormone release stops in response to decrease in

stimulus

Stimulus (eating) raises blood glucose levels

Pancreas releases insulin in response to elevated blood
glucose
Blood glucose decreases as it is used by the body or
stored in the liver
Insulin release stops as blood glucose levels normalize
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34-11

Negative and Positive

Feedback Loops (cont.)

Positive feedback loop

As long as stimulus is present, action of hormone

continues

Infant nursing at mothers breast stimulates

hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary
Oxytocin released stimulates milk production and
ejection from mammary glands
Milk release continues as long as infant continues to
nurse

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34-12

Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:

ANSWER:

___
E Chemicals that effect cell function A. Nonsteroidal hormone
B Easily cross cell membranes
___

B. Steroidal hormone

A Made of amino acids

___

C. G-protein

D Target nearby cells

___

D. Prostaglandins

C Activated by hormone-receptor
___
complex

E. Hormones

A Cannot cross cell membranes easily

___
B Estrogen and cortisol
___
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34-13

Hypothalamus

Hormones

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormones transported to the posterior

pituitary for storage

Directs posterior pituitary to release hormones

Glands

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34-14

Pituitary Gland

Controlled by the hypothalamus

Located at the base of the brain

Protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica

The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary gland

Carries visual information to the brain for interpretation

Two lobes
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

Glands

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34-15

Pituitary Gland (cont.)

Growth hormone
Stimulates increase in size
of muscles and bones

Luteinizing

Prolactin Stimulates milk

production

Anterior
Lobe

Females: stimulates ovulation

and estrogen production
Males: stimulates testosterone production

Adrenocorticotropic
Stimulates the adrenal cortex
to release its hormones

Thyroid-stimulating
Stimulates the thyroid
gland to release its
hormones

Follicle-stimulating

Females: stimulates estrogen

production and maturation of the ova
Males: stimulates sperm production
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34-16

Pituitary Gland (cont.)

Oxytocin

Posterior
Lobe
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Stimulates the kidneys to
conserve water

Females: causes
contraction of the
uterus and ejection of
breast milk
Males: stimulates
contraction of the
prostate and vas
deferens during
sexual arousal

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34-17

Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:

ANSWER:

D,
E Stored in posterior pituitary
___

A. Follicle-stimulating hormone

B Milk production
___

B. Prolactin

D,
E Produced by hypothalmus
___

C. Luteinizing hormone

A Stimulates sperm production

___

D. ADH

A Maturation of ova
___

E. Oxytocin

C Stimulates ovulation
___
D Conservation of water
___
C Production of testosterone
___
E Contraction of uterus
___

Supe
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34-18

Thyroid Gland and

Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid Gland
Located below the larynx
Divided into follicles that store some of the hormones

Major hormones

T3 T4
Stimulate protein synthesis and
increase cellular energy
production

Lowers blood calcium levels

by activating osteoblasts that
Glands
build new bone tissue

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34-19

Thyroid Gland and

Parathyroid Glands (cont.)

Parathyroid glands

Four located on the posterior surface of the

thyroid gland

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Agonist to calcitonin by raising blood calcium levels

through activation of osetoclasts (dissolve bone)

As bone dissolves, calcium levels in blood increase

Glands
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34-20

Apply Your Knowledge

True or False:

ANSWER:

__ Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis.

__ The thyroid gland does not store hormones.

__ PTH activates osteoblasts.

Thyroid follicles store

some hormones.

PTH activates osteoclasts.

__ Calcitonin increases cellular energy production.

Thyroid hormone
increases cellular
energy production.

__
T The four parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid gland.
__
T Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.

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34-21

Adrenal Glands

Located on top of each kidney

Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

Central portion
Hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Same effects as sympathetic nervous system
Glands
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Adrenal Glands (cont.)

Adrenal cortex

Outermost portion
Secretes many hormones, but main ones are

Aldosterone

Stimulates body to retain sodium and water

Important in maintaining BP

Cortisol

Released when stressed

Decreases protein synthesis, resulting in slowed tissue repair
Decreases inflammation
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34-23

Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:

ANSWER:

____
B, D Adrenal medulla

A. Cortisol

C Sodium retention
____

B. Epinephrine

A Decreases inflammation
____

C. Aldosterone

B, D Sympathetic effects
____

D. Norepinephrine

C Maintains blood pressure

____
A Released during stress
____
A, C Adrenal
____

cortex

Excellent
!

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34-24

Pancreas

Located behind the

stomach
Both exocrine gland and
endocrine gland

Exocrine secretes
digestive enzymes into a
duct leading to the small
intestine
Endocrine secretes
hormones into
bloodstream

Glands

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34-25

Pancreas (cont.)

Islets of Langerhans secrete hormones into

bloodstream

Alpha cells secrete glucagon

Beta cells secrete insulin
Blood glucose
concentrations
Protein synthesis

Blood glucose
concentrations
Protein synthesis
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34-26

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the effects of insulin and glucagon?
ANSWER: Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration
and increases protein synthesis.
Glucagon does just the opposite. It increases blood
glucose and decreases protein synthesis.
Yippee
!

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34-27

Other Hormone-Producing Organs

Pineal body

Small gland
Located between
cerebral hemispheres
Melatonin

Regulates circadian
rhythms
May play a role in
onset of puberty

Thymus gland

Located between
lungs
Thymosin

Promotes
production of
T lymphocytes

Glands

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Other Hormone-Producing
Organs (cont.)

The gonads

Ovaries

Estrogen
Progesterone

Testes

Gastrin

Small intestine

Secretin
Cholecystokinin

Heart

Testosterone

Stomach

Atrial natriuretic
peptide regulates BP

Kidneys

Erythropoietin
stimulates blood cell
production

Glands

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34-29

Back

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34-30

Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:

ANSWER:

D Between lungs
___

A. Pineal body

A Melatonin
___

B. Heart

G Estrogen/testosterone
___

C. Kidneys

F Gastrin
___

D. Thymus gland

E Secretin
___

E. Small intestine

C Erythropoietin
___

F. Stomach

B Atrial natriuetic peptide

___

G. Gonads

D Thymosin
___
E Cholecystokinin
___
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34-31

The Stress Response

Stressor

Any stimulus that

produces stress
Types

Physical factors
Psychological
factors
Positive stimuli

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The Stress Response (cont.)

Physiologic response to stress caused by

hormone release

General stress syndrome

Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and BP

Increase in glucose and fatty acids in blood, which
leads to weight loss
Increase in cortisol if stress prolonged

Decreased body repair

Susceptibility to illness

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34-33

Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:

ANSWER:

A Extreme heat
___

A. Physical stress

B Death of friend
___

B. Psychological stress

A Fractured leg
___

C. Positive stimulus

C Wedding
___
B Exam
___
B Hearing an explosion nearby
___
C A on an exam
___
A Flu
___
B Car stolen
___
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Common Diseases and Disorders

Disease/Disorder

Description

Acromegaly

Too much growth hormone produced in adults;

enlargement of bones and thickened skin

Addisons disease Adrenal gland fails to produce enough

corticosteroids
Cretinism

Extreme form of hypothyroidism present prior

to or soon after birth

Cushings disease Hypercortisolism; over-production of cortisol

Diabetes insipidus Kidneys fail to reabsorb water, resulting in
excessive urination; hyposecretion of ADH
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34-35

Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

Disease/Disorder

Description

Diabetes mellitus

Chronic disease characterized by elevated

blood glucose levels

Type I

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; usually develops

in childhood
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; primarily in
adults but increased incidence in teens
Occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary

Type II
Gestational

Dwarfism

Too little growth hormone (somatotropin)

produced during childhood

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34-36

Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

Disease/Disorder Description
Gigantism

Too much growth hormone produced during

childhood

Goiter

Enlargement of thyroid gland, causing

swelling in neck; deficiency of iodine in diet

Graves disease

Hyperthyroidism; antibodies attach to thyroid

gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid
hormone

Myxedema

Thyroid gland produces inadequate amounts of

thyroid hormone; common in females over 50
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34-37

Correct!

Apply Your Knowledge

True or False:

ANSWER:

in an adult
___
F Acromegaly develops as a result of too much growth hormone in a child.
___
T In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys fail to reabsorb water.
___
T Too little growth hormone in childhood results in dwarfism.
___
F Myxedema is the result of hyperthyroidism.

hypothyroidism

___
T Addisons disease is the result of too little corticosteroid.
___
F Cushings disease is the result of too little ACTH.

too much ACTH

___
F Cretinism is an extreme form of hyperthyroidism present at birth.
hypothyroidism
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In Summary

The organs of the

endocrine system
secrete hormones
directly into blood and
other body fluids.
Hormones secreted by
the endocrine system
control the functions of
other cells.

Endocrine organs

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Pineal body
Thymus gland
Gonads, stomach small
intestine, heart, kidneys

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34-39

Its not
stress that
kills us, it is
our reaction
to it.
~ Hans Selye
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