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Chapter 2: Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding: Issues To Address..
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure & Interatomic Bonding: Issues To Address..
Interatomic Bonding
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What promotes bonding?
What types of bonds are there?
What properties are inferred from bonding?
Chapter 2 - 1
12.011
1.008 etc.
Chapter 2 - 2
Atomic Structure
Some of the following properties
1)
2)
3)
4)
Chemical
________
Thermal
________
Chapter 2 - 3
Electronic Structure
Electrons have wavelike and particulate properties.
Two of the wavelike characteristics are
electrons are in ________ defined by a probability.
each orbital at discrete __________ is determined by
quantum numbers.
Quantum #
Designation
, -
Chapter 2 - 4
Energy
N-shell n = 4
Adapted from Fig. 2.6, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
(From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J. Wulff,
Introduction to Materials Science and
Engineering, p. 22. Copyright 1976 by John
Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
3p
3s
M-shell n = 3
2p
2s
L-shell n = 2
1s
K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 5
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element
Atomic #
Hydrogen
1
Helium
2
Lithium
3
Beryllium
4
Boron
5
Carbon
6
...
Neon
10
Sodium
11
Magnesium
12
Aluminum
13
...
Electron configuration
1s 1
1s 2
(stable)
1s 2 2s 1
1s 2 2s2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
...
Argon
...
Krypton
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6
(stable)
...
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)
18
...
36
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6
(stable)
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
...
Electron Configurations
Valence electrons those in unfilled shells
_________________________
Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties
example: C (atomic number = 6)
1s2 2s2 2p2
valence electrons
Chapter 2 - 7
Electronic Configurations
ex: Fe - atomic # = 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
4d
4p
3d
4s
Energy
3d 6 4s2
valence
N-shell n = 4
electrons
Adapted from Fig. 2.6, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
(From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J.
Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and
Engineering, p. 22. Copyright 1976 by John
Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by
permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
3p
3s
M-shell n = 3
2p
2s
L-shell n = 2
1s
K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 8
K Ca Sc
Se Br Kr
He
Li Be
F Ne
Na Mg
Cl Ar
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Te
Adapted from
Fig. 2.8,
Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
Xe
Po At Rn
Fr Ra
Electropositive elements:
Readily give up electrons
to become + ions.
Electronegative elements:
Readily acquire electrons
to become - ions.
Chapter 2 - 9
Electronegativity
Ranges from 0.9 to 4.1,
Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
Smaller electronegativity
Larger electronegativity
Chapter 2 - 10
_______
electrons
nonmetal
_______
electrons
Dissimilar electronegativities
ex: MgO
Mg
Chapter 2 - 11
Ionic Bonding
Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron
Na (cation)
stable
Coulombic
Attraction
Cl (anion)
stable
Chapter 2 - 12
Ionic Bonding
Energy _________ energy most stable
Energy balance of attractive and ________ terms
A B
EN = EA + ER = + n
r
r
Repulsive energy ER
Interatomic separation r
Net energy EN
Adapted from Fig.
2.10(b), Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
Attractive energy EA
Chapter 2 - 13
Give up electrons
Acquire electrons
Chapter 2 - 14
Covalent Bonding
similar ______________ share electrons
bonds determined by ________ s & p _________
dominate bonding
Example: H2
H2
Each H: has 1 valence e-,
needs 1 more
______________
are the same.
shared 1s electron
from 1st hydrogen
atom
shared 1s electron
from 2nd hydrogen
atom
Bond Hybrization
Carbon can form sp3 _____
orbitals
Chapter 2 - 16
Electronegativities of C and H
are comparable so ________
are shared in covalent bonds.
Chapter 2 - 17
Primary Bonding
Metallic Bond -- _________ as electron cloud
Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding
% ionic character =
x (100%)
Ex: MgO
XMg = 1.3
XO = 3.5
Chapter 2 - 18
Secondary Bonding
Arises from interaction between _________
Fluctuating _________
ex: liquid H 2
_________ electron
H2
H2
clouds
secondary
bonding
H H
H H
secondary
bonding
secondary
bonding
secondary
bonding
H Cl
H Cl
-ex: polymer
secon
dary b
ondin
g
secondary bonding
Chapter 2 - 19
Summary: Bonding
Comments
Type
Bond Energy
Ionic
Large!
Nondirectional (__________)
Covalent
Variable
large-Diamond
small-Bismuth
Directional
(_____________, ________
polymer chains)
Metallic
Variable
large-Tungsten
small-Mercury
Nondirectional (________)
Secondary
smallest
Directional
inter-chain (_________)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2 - 20
Melting Temperature, Tm
Energy
r
_______ energy, Eo
ro
Energy
r
________ Tm
unstretched length
ro
Eo =
bond energy
larger Tm
___________ if Eo is larger.
Chapter 2 - 21
heated, T2
L
= (T2 -T1)
Lo
~ symmetric at ro
Energy
___________ length
ro
Eo
Eo
r
_______
________ if Eo is smaller.
smaller
Chapter 2 - 22
Metals
(Metallic bonding):
Polymers
_________ Tm
_________ E
moderate
Directional Properties
large Tm
large E
______
ondin
g
Chapter 2 - 23