2.

Background
1. Penjelasan latar belakang ilmiah dari
penelitian dan alasan mengapa harus
dilakukan penelitian tersebut,
2. Menunjukkan konteks penelitian,
3. Apa yang sudah diketahui mengenai
tema tersebut,
4. Knowledge gap (kesenjangan antara
teori dan keadaan saat ini),
5. Permasalahan
apa
yang
ingin
dipecahkan dengan penelitian tersebut,
6. Didukung penelitian yang relevan dan
systematic review

Introduction

Throughout the world, among children and adolescents, overweight and

obesity have become an epidemic. The World Health Organization further projects
that by 2015, approximately 2.3 billion adults will be overweight and more than
700 million will be obese. Globally, in 2010 the number of overweight and obese
children under the age of five, has been estimated to be over 42 million with about
35 million living in developing countries. Once considered a problem only in highincome countries, overweight and obesity are now dramatically on the rise in lowand middleincome countries, particularly in urban settings. In Chile, there is an
elevated and increasing prevalence of obesity affecting about 10% of children
under six years of age and increasing to 20% by the time they start elementary
school. Overall, overweight and obesity affects over half of Chiles adult
population.
Biological and genetic factors coupled with environmental and socioeconomic conditions have been found to determine obesity from early life to
adulthood.There is solid scientific evidence of the inverse association of low birth
weight and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Existing evidence points out that
high birth weight in addition to rapid weight gain at an early age, is a risk factor for
childhood obesity at a later age. However, there is insufficient evidence of the
relationship between birth weight and later obesity.

18. Key Result

Berisi ringkas temuan-temuan kunci
dari penelitian dan dihubungkan
dengan tujuan atau hipotesis
penelitian

Discussion

The results of this study showed a positive relationship between different childrens birth
weight indicators and obesity at first grade. Macrosomic Chilean infants were more likely to be
obese by first grade (OR = 1.55) and after controlling for the effects of confounding pre natal
variables with an OR = 1.67, both were statistically significant. These findings corroborate the direct
and statistically significant relationship between high birth weight and obesity at first grade in this group of
children. These results are consistent with the findings reported recently by Mardones, et al. (2008), who found
that higher ORs relating Chilean macrosomic children and obesity at school and also consistent with others
international studies. Regarding the attributable risk, it can be concluded that overweight or obesity could have
been prevented in about one third of school age children with preventive interventions that target those children
identified as macrosomic, or high ponderal index, or large for gestational age at birth.
Maternal obesity before conception or during gestation has a strong association with fetal macrosomia,2
and also with the risk of the child developing obesity after birth. This association can be explained by genetic
factors, fetal programation or environmental conditions which continue affecting the children after birth. The
current study can not determine the strength of these factors, but is very likely that the parents lifestyles can
strongly affect the childrens nutritional status.
A systematic review of the association of birth weight or rapid growth has indicated that height and
weight, as well as rapid growth, increase the likelihood to become obese. In boys and girls, birth weight, maternal
weight and fathers occupation, as well as breastfeeding has been found to be significantly associated with BMI
through adulthood in British children. In 6 to 13 year old children, as birth weight increased, the overweight risk
consistently increased.
Low birth weight has been suggested as a protective factor for overweight and obesity among German
children. 29 Gestational age, normal and high birth weight and birth length for gestational age were found to be
risk factors for overweight and obesity in Swedish youth. Similarly, among Chilean children in this study, birth
weight, gestational age and Ponderal Index were identified as risk factors for obesity in childhood.