CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS

What it covers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What is pump & its operating principle

Main components & their functions
Classification of pump
Main problems & its remedies
Operating characteristics
Overhauling of pump

PUMPS TYPES
PUMPS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
(PRESSURISED FLUID BY REDUCING
VOLUME )

RECIPROCATING

HELICAL
SCREW

ROTARY TYPE

SPIRAL
TYPE

DYNAMIC TYPE
(ACCELERATING AND
DECLERATING OF FLUID)

CENTRIFUGAL

STRAIGHT
LOBE

SLIDE
VANE

Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps - Classification

Centrifugal Pump

General components of a
Centrifugal Pump

General Components of
Centrifugal Pumps
Stationary Components
- casing,
- casing cover,
- Oil Seals
- bearings.
. Rotating Components
- Impeller
- shaft

Stationary Components

Casing
- Acc. To working principle
1. Volute casings
2. Diffuser casing
- Acc. To Construction
1. Solid or Radial split casing
2. Axially split casing

Cut-away of a pump showing

volute casing

Solid Casing

Suction and Discharge Nozzle

1. End suction/Top discharge
2. Top suction Top discharge nozzle
3. Side suction / Side discharge nozzles

Seal Chamber and Stuffing Box

Gland Packing
- Asbestos packing or Metallic Packing
Lantern ring or seal cage
Mechanical Seal

Rotating Components
1. Impeller
2. Shaft
3.Coupling

Impeller
Major direction of flow
1. Radial flow
2. Axial flow
3. Mixed flow
Based on suction type
1. Single-suction
2. Double-suction
. Based on mechanical construction
1. Closed
2. Open
3. Semi-open or vortex type.

Wear rings
Flat type
L-type

Shaft
Rigid shaft
Flexible shaft

Shaft Sleeve

Coupling
1. Rigid coupling
2. flexible coupling
- Elastomeric couplings
- Non-elastomeric couplings :
lubricated or non-lubricated .

General terms

Terms

Understanding Centrifugal Pump

Performance Curves

Two Basic Requirements for

Trouble-Free Operation
1. No cavitation
2. certain minimum continuous flow.

Problems
Cases of heavy leakages from the casing, seal,
and stuffing box
Deflection and shearing of shafts
Seizure of pump internals
Close tolerances erosion
Separation cavitation
Product quality degradation
Excessive hydraulic thrust
Premature bearing failures

CAVITATION
Reasons:
1.Required NPSH >or = NPSH available
2. Too high temperature of flowing fluid
3.Restricted suction
4. Design faults
5. High runner speeds

CAVITATION
RESULTS:
Pitting & erosion of surface
Sudden drop in head , efficiency, power
High vibration levels of equipment
Increased noise level
Early failure of bearings
Coupling failure

NPSH
NPSH= Ha-Hv-Hs-Hfs

Significance of NPSHr and NPSHa

The NPSH available must always be greater

than the NPSH required for the pump to operate
properly. It is normal practice to have at least 2
to 3 feet of extra NPSH available at the suction
flange to avoid any problems at the duty point.

Specific Speed
Specific speed as a measure of the geometric similarity of pumps

The Affinity Laws

Q/ND3= Flow coefficient
H/N2D2= Head coefficient
P/N3D5= Power coefficient

Overhauling Procedure
1.Impeller, pump shaft and casing to be inspected for
erosion, pitting and wear down etc.
2.Check run-out of shaft .It should be <0.05mm.
3.Check axial play of bearings. It should be <0.02mm .
3.Excess worn out parts can be replaced with new ones.
4.Check wear down ring clearance, general practice is to
replace with new ring.
5. Remove sleeve from the shaft replace sleeve with o
ring if required .
6.Check key, key slots, nuts and its threads are ok.
7.Assemble all the pump parts.