IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

IN
SPATIAL AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN

Under guidance of:Er.Sanjeev kr. gupta

Presented by:Avadhesh kumar

Kuldeep kr. Singh
Manoj kr. Yadav
Rahul kr. shukla

INTRODUCTION
Unfortunately, there is no general theory for determining what is
`good' image enhancement.
Image enhancement techniques are used as pre-processing tools
for other image processing Techniques.
Quantitative measures can determine which techniques are most
appropriate..
The aim of image enhancement is to improve the interpretability
or perception of information in images for human viewers,

IMAGE
Image is defined as a two dimensional function
f(x, y), where x and y are spatial coordinates, that
bears information, which can be generated in any
form such as visual, x-ray and so on.
OR

It can be defined as a 2-d representation of a 3d world.

Image Types
Monochrome images ( binary image)
Grey scale images
Colour images
Half-toned image

HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM

In many image processing applications, the
objective is to help a human observer perceive
the visual information in an image.
The human visual system consists mainly of the
eye (image sensor or camera), optic nerve
(transmission path), and brain (image information
processing unit or computer).

Image enhancement
Image enhancement is
basically improving the
interpretability or
perception of information
in images for human
viewers and providing
`better' input .
The principal objective of image enhancement is to
modify attributes of an image to make it more suitable for a
given task and a specific observer.

Types of image enhancement

Spatial Domain Methods
Temporal
Frequency Domain (Spectral) Methods

Enhancement
Techniques

Spatial
Operates on pixels

Temporal
image deblurring

Frequency Domain
Operates on FT of
Image

Spatial domain
The term spatial domain refers to
the aggregate of pixels composing
an image. These methods are
procedures that operate directly on
these pixels.

The pixel values are manipulated to achieve desired

enhancement.
Here f(x,y) is the original image and T is the
transformation applied to get a new modified image
g(x,y).

 Point processing
Digital negative
Bit plane slicing
Contrast stretching
Histogram
Neighborhood processing

Temporal
Image Deblurring
Restoration

Enhanced image.

Bit plane slicing..

Digital negative

Deblurring..

Frequency domain
Frequency domain methods, the image is first
transferred in to frequency domain.
The operations are performed on the Fourier
transform of the image .

 The frequency domain refers to the plane of the two

dimensional discrete Fourier transform of an image.
The purpose of the Fourier transform is to represent a
image as a linear combination of sinusoidal signals
of various frequencies.

 The one-dimensional Fourier transform and its

inverse Fourier transform (continuous case)

F (u )

f ( x)e j 2ux dx

where j 1

Inverse Fourier transform:

f ( x) F (u )e

j 2ux

du

e cos j sin

 The two-dimensional Fourier transform and its

inverse
Fourier transform (continuous case)

F (u , v)

f ( x, y )e

j 2 ( ux vy )

dxdy

Inverse Fourier transform:

f ( x, y )

F (u , v)e

j 2 ( ux vy )

dudv

Spatial versus Frequency domain

Spectral domain Techniques are based on modifying the

spectral transform of an image .
Transform the image to its frequency representation.
Perform image enhancement.
Compute inverse transform back to the spatial domain.

 Manipulating or changing an image representing an

object in space to enhance the image for a given
application.
Techniques are based on direct manipulation of
pixels in an image used for filtering basics, smoothing
filters, sharpening filters.

Tools of enhancement
MATLAB offers a high performance language for expressing
problems and their solutions both mathematically and visually.
Typical uses include:
Numeric

computation and algorithm development.

Symbolic computation (with the built-in Symbolic Mathfunctions).

Modeling, simulation and prototyping.
Data analysis and signal processing.
Engineering graphics and scientific visualization.

Getting Started

Workspace & Directory

Command-Window

Command- History

Basic Mat lab Commands

clear all: clears workspace of all
variables
close all : closes all the figure windows
plot (x, y) : plots vector y versus x
% : used for Comments
Help : when used with command gives its
syntax

More Commands
X label( ) : Allows you to label x-axis
Y label( ) : Allows you to label y-axis
Title ( ) : Allows you to give title for
plot
subplot() : Allows you to create multiple
plots in the same window

Examples Working with an Image

Show the image
imshow(x);
See also
- image(x);
Save the image as a 'TIFF' file
imwrite(x,'rect.tiff','TIFF');

Contd.....
Read an image from a 'TIFF' file
- x=imread('rect.tiff');
MATLAB supports other common file formats:- BMP(Bitmap)
- GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
- JPEG (joint photographic expert group)
- PNG (Portable Networks Graphic)
- TIFF(Tagged Image File Format)

Operation on image
using MATLAB

x=imread('C:\badabackup\3d_digital_art.jpg);

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Image Enhancement application

Clarifying the compressed image which is used in
transmission.
In medical field
X-Ray image.
Ultrasound image.
MRI
Military purpose.
Satellite communication.

REFRENCES
Anil K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.
R. C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, Digital Image processing, Addision-

Wesely, 2003
Raman Maini and Himanshu Aggarwal JOURNAL OF COMPUTING,
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
Comparison Between Different Techniques of Image Enhancement
Komal Vij, Yaduvir Singh, International Journal of VLSI and Signal
Processing Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2 , May 2011,(112-117) ,ISSN 22313133

MATLAB help, version R2008b.which is provided by our sir.

www.wikipedia.com.

Dr. Muna F. Al-Samaraie

A New Enhancement Approach for Enhancing Image of Digital
Cameras by Changing the Contrast International Journal of
Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 32, July, 2011

Thank
you