ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC ACTION

Theelectro-pneumatic actionis a
control system forpipe organs,
whereby airpressure, controlled by
anelectric currentand operated by
the keys of anorgan console, opens
and closes valves within wind
chests, allowing thepipesto speak.

This system also allows the

console to be physically
detached from the organ
itself. The only connection
was via an electrical cable
from the console to the
relay, with some early

HYDRAULIC VALVES
Get advice and suggestions
from DTA in order to select the
appropriate hydraulic valve, in
terms of size and function, that
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budget. Contact DTA today!

A hydraulic valve properly directs

the flow of a liquid medium,
usually oil, through your
hydraulic system. The direction of
the oil flow is determined by the
position of a spool. A hydraulic
system can only function - as per
requirements - by using valves.
Thus, you should always look for

Hydraulic valves are available

in a variety of sizes. The size
required is determined by the
maximum flow of the hydraulic
system through the valve and
the maximum pressure in the
hydraulic system. Hydraulic
valves are available with

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYDRAULIC VALVES

Hydraulic valves are sometimes

referred to as hydraulic components.
These are subdivided into three main
categories: directional control valves,
pressure control valves and flow control
valves. We have added proportional
and servo control hydraulic valves as a
separate category below:

Directional control valves

check valve;
directional spool valve
directional poppet valve
Pressure control valves
control task: variable throttle
valve

Flow control valves

throttle valve: flow p dependent
control valve: flow p
independent
Electro Hydraulic Valves
Servo hydraulic valve
Proportional hydraulic valve

Different valves function in

different ways. Check valves
permit free flow in one direction
and block flow in the opposite
direction. The directional control
valve is used to pass on the
pressure medium (i.E. Flow) in an
orderly fashion to a particular
direction.

Pressure control valves

switch (or control) at a
certain pressure; the
switching pressure may
be adjusted on the
valve. Flow control

ELECTRO HYDRAULIC VALVES

When your hydraulic application requires
a very accurate control of the flow,
hydraulic valves may be equipped with
advanced control electronics. This allows
the use of inductive path measuring
devices that monitor the position of the
spool continuously to ensure optimum
position of the spool.

Proportional hydraulic
valves are able to control
the opening to flow
proportionally instead of
gradually, as is the case for
most standard hydraulic
valves. The simplest type

Proportional and servo

hydraulic valves are usually
classified as high-performance
valves. This distinction gives an
expected indication of
performance, which tends to
generalise the true differences
between various types of servo

Servo hydraulic valves use

closed-loop control to monitor
and feed back the main-stage
spool position to a pilot stage
(hydraulic/pneumatic) or driver
(electronic). Proportional
hydraulic valves, on the other
hand, move the main-stage

SERVO HYDRAULIC VALVE

The main stage spool of a servo
hydraulic valve is equipped with a
path measuring system for accurate
adjustment. This system measures
the exact position of the mainstage spool and feeds its position
directly to the electronic control
unit.

If sworn position is not

consistent, the control
signal corrects the
position of the mainstage spool.
Servo hydraulic valves

PROPORTIONAL HYDRAULIC
VALVE

The most common proportional

hydraulic valves are directional
control valves, pressure relief
valves, flow controllers and
adjustable throttling.

Proportional hydraulic
valves convert an incoming
mechanical or electrical
signal directly proportional
to a shear mode. The
movement follows a
continuously incoming

*VARIOUS DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL VALVES
*FLOW CONTROL VALVES
*PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES
*PRESSURE REDUCING
VALVES
*COUNTER BALANCE

MOTOR CONTROL VALVE

Motor operated valve (MOV) is an
important item of plant & piping
system. These valves are generally of
large size and are used for different
applications such as pump discharge
etc. Motor operated valves are often
called as on-off valves as the motors
serve the purpose of fully opening or
fully closing valves in pipelines.

For example, cooling water

lines, process pipelines
where controlling of fluid is
not required, motor
operated valves can be
used to fully allow or fully
stop the fluid flow. These

Motor operated valves can be of

various types e.G. Gate/ ball/
butterfly etc. With actuator
control. Design of motors and
valves can be different. An electric
motor is mounted on the valve and
geared to the valve stem so that
when the motor operates the valve
will open or close.

For this MOV, motor

operated with actuator
control from local panel or,
from control room is
required. There is
arequirement of coordination among piping-

Applications of motor operated

valves
whenever frequent operation
is required.
Valves located in remote,
inaccessible or hazardous
places.
Motorised control valve / motor

Types of motor operated

valves
motorised control valve can
be classified into three types.
However it must be noted that
the main application of
motorised valves are for flow
control and flow isolation.

Open/close valves - used to

automate manual open close
valves examples include,
pump discharge / suction
valves, boiler feed water
isolation valves, drum vent
valves, product line valves
etc.

Inching valves - used were

some degree of control.
Example a gradual opening
and closing is required,
applications include, reflux
lines, boiler start up vent,
boiler IBD valves, boiler main
steam valves etc.

 Precision flow valves - this is a

precision inching valve, in inching
valve the motor operates in steps
configured in the controller, e.G.
5%, 10% opening steps. In
precision flow valves, a
continuous control is enabled by
the use of proper feedback from
the field to the controller which is

Key differences betwen

control valves and motor
operated on/off valves
Control valves have a faster
response as compared to the
motorised valves.
Control valves usually have
an analog control element,

 Control valves can

be used for any type
of control, pressure
control, flow control,
temperature control
etc while motorised

 Control valve usually

are used in closed loop
control, while motorised
valves are predominantly
open loop (with the
exception of precision
flow control valves)

 Control valves
are used for
precision control.
However
motorised valves

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Aprogrammable logic
controller,PLC, orprogrammable
controlleris adigital computer
used forautomationof typically
industrialelectromechanical
processes, such as control of
machinery on factory
assembly lines,amusement rides,
orlight fixtures. Plcs are used in
many machines, in many industries.

Plcs are designed for multiple

arrangements of digital and analog
inputs and outputs, extended
temperature ranges, immunity to
electrical noise, and resistance to
vibration and impact. Programs to
control machine operation are
typically stored in battery-backed-up
ornon-volatile memory. A PLC is an
example of a "hard"real-timesystem

Before the PLC, control, sequencing,

and safety interlock logic for
manufacturing automobiles was
mainly composed ofrelays,cam
timers,drum sequencers, and
dedicated closed-loop controllers.
Since these could number in the
hundreds or even thousands, the
process for updating such facilities
for the yearly modelchange-overwas

Digital computers, being generalpurpose programmable devices,

were soon applied to control of
industrial processes. Early
computers required specialist
programmers, and stringent
operating environmental control
for temperature, cleanliness, and
power quality. Using a general-

An industrial control computer

would have several attributes: it
would tolerate the shop-floor
environment, it would support
discrete (bit-form) input and
output in an easily extensible
manner, it would not require
years of training to use, and it

The required speed varying

according to the nature of the
[1]
process. since many
industrial processes have
timescales easily addressed
by millisecond response times,
modern (fast, small, reliable)
electronics greatly facilitate

Early plcs, up to the mid1990s, were programmed

using proprietary
programming panels or
special-purpose
programmingterminals,
which often had

Some proprietary programming

terminals displayed the elements
of PLC programs as graphic
symbols, but plainasciicharacter
representations of contacts, coils,
and wires were common.
Programs were stored on
cassette tape cartridges.
Facilities for printing and

More recently, plcs are programmed

using application software on
personal computers, which now
represent the logic in graphic form
instead of character symbols. The
computer is connected to the PLC
throughethernet,RS-232,RS-485, or
RS-422cabling. The programming
software allows entry and editing of
the ladder-style logic.

Generally the software provides

functions for debugging and
troubleshooting the PLC software, for
example, by highlighting portions of
the logic to show current status
during operation or via simulation.
The software will upload and
download the PLC program, for
backup and restoration purposes. In
some models of programmable

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC RELAY (PLR)

In more recent years, small products

called plrs (programmable logic relays),
and also by similar names, have become
more common and accepted. These are
much like plcs, and are used in light
industry where only a few points ofI/O
(i.E. A few signals coming in from the
real world and a few going out) are
needed, and low cost is desired.

These small devices are typically

made in a common physical size
and shape by several
manufacturers, and branded by
the makers of larger plcs to fill out
their low end product range.
Popular names include PICO
controller, NANO PLC, and other
names implying very small

Size is usually about 4" wide, 3" high, and

3" deep. Most such devices include a tiny
postage-stamp-sized LCD screen for viewing
simplified ladder logic (only a very small
portion of the program being visible at a
given time) and status of I/O points, and
typically these screens are accompanied by
a 4-way rocker push-button plus four more
separate push-buttons, similar to the key
buttons on a VCR remote control, and used
to navigate and edit the logic.

Most have a small plug for

connecting via RS-232 or RS-485 to a
personal computer so that
programmers can use simple
windows applications for
programming instead of being forced
to use the tiny LCD and push-button
set for this purpose. Unlike regular
plcs that are usually modular and
greatly expandable, the plrs are

Programmable logic controller (PLC)

also known as industrial computer is
the major component in the industrial
automation sector. Due to its robust
construction, exceptional functional
features likePID controllers,
sequential control, timers and
counters, ease of programming,
reliable controlling capabilities and
ease of hardware usage

This PLC is more than a

special-purpose digital
computer in industries as well
as in other control-system
areas. Different types of plcs
from vast number of
manufacturers are available in
todays market. Therefore, in

PLC is invented to
replace traditional
control panels
whose operations
depend on the
electromagnetic
logic relays that are
based on timers in
industrial control s
ystems

Plcs are capable of

monitoring the inputs
continuously from
sensors and producing
the output decisions to
operate the actuators

O CPU MODULE
O POWER SUPPLY MODULE
O ONE OR MORE I/O MODULE

PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR
Apneumaticactuatorconverts
energy (typically in the form of
compressed air) into mechanical
motion. The motion can be rotary or
linear, depending on the type of
actuator. Some types of pneumatic
actuators include:

 Tie rod cylinders

rotary actuators
grippers
rodless actuators with magnetic linkage or
rotary cylinders
rodless actuators with mechanical linkage
pneumatic artificial muscles
speciality actuators that combine rotary
and linear motionfrequently used for
clamping operations
vacuum generators

A pneumatic actuator mainly

consists of a piston, a cylinder,
and valves or ports. The piston is
covered by adiaphragm, or seal,
which keeps the air in the upper
portion of the cylinder, allowing
air pressure to force the
diaphragm downward, moving the
piston underneath,

Which in turn moves the

valve stem, which is linked to the
internal parts of theactuator.
Pneumatic actuators may only
have one spot for a signal input,
top or bottom, depending on action
required. Valves require little
pressure to operate and usually
double ortriplethe input force.

The larger the size of the piston,

the larger the output pressure
can be. Having a larger piston can
also be good if air supply is low,
allowing the same forces with
less input. These pressures are
large enough to crush objects in
the pipe. On 100 kpa input, you
could lift a small car

(Upwards of 1,000lbs)
easily, and this is only
a basic, small
pneumatic valve.
However, the resulting
forces required of the

This pressure is transferred to

the valve stem, which is
hooked up to either the valve
plug (seeplug valve),
butterfly valveetc. Larger
forces are required in high
pressure or high flow pipelines
to allow the valve to overcome

Valves input pressure is the "control

signal." This can come from a variety
of measuring devices, and each
different pressure is a different set
point for a valve. A typical standard
signal is 20100 kpa. For example, a
valve could be controlling the
pressure in a vessel which has a
constant out-flow, and a varied inflow (varied by the actuator and

100 kpa means there is full range

pressure (can be varied by the
transmiters calibration points).
As the pressure rises in the
vessel, the output of the
transmitter rises, this increase in
pressure is sent to the valve,
which causes the valve to stroke
downward,

And start closing the

valve, decreasing flow
into the vessel,
reducing the pressure
in the vessel as excess
pressure is evacuated

ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR

Electro-hydrostatic
actuators(ehas), replace
hydraulic systemswith
self-contained actuators operated so
lely by electrical power
. Ehas eliminate the need for
separatehydraulic pumpsand
tubing, simplifying system
architectures and

Improving safety and

reliability. This
technology originally
was developed for the
aerospace industry but
has since expanded into

Aircraft were originally controlled by

small aerodynamic surfaces operated by
cables, attached to levers that magnified
the pilot'smechanical advantage. As
aircraft grew in size and performance,
the aerodynamic forces on these
surfaces grew to the point where it was
no longer possible for the pilot to
manually control them across a wide
range of speeds

Aircraft were originally controlled by

small aerodynamic surfaces operated by
cables, attached to levers that magnified
the pilot'smechanical advantage. As
aircraft grew in size and performance,
the aerodynamic forces on these
surfaces grew to the point where it was
no longer possible for the pilot to
manually control them across a wide
range of speeds

Starting in the 1940s, hydraulics

were introduced to address these
problems. In their early
incarnations, hydraulic pumps
attached to the engines would feed
high-pressure oil through tubes to
the various control surfaces. Here,
small valves were attached to the
original control cables,

Controlling the flow of oil

into an associated actuator
connected to the control
surface. One of the earliest
fittings of a hydraulic boost
system was toaileronson
late-war models of the P-

Over time the systems

evolved to replace the
mechanical linkages to the
valves with electrical controls,
producing the "fly-by-wire"
[2]
design, and more recently,
optical networking systems in
what is known as "fly-by-light

The valves and associated

control network, and the
actuators. Since any one of
these systems could fail and
render the aircraft inoperable,
redundancies are needed that
greatly increase the
complexity of the system.